Treatment and prognosis of rectal cancer depends on the stage of cancer, which is determined by three factors:
How deep the cancer has spread to the wall of the rectum
It is cancer in the lymph nodes appear to be
Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (cancer of the body often spreads to include the liver and lungs.)
The stages of colorectal cancer are as follows:
Phase I: Cancer is only the first or the second layer of the rectal wall and lymph nodes are involved.
Stage II: Tumor penetrates the mesorectum, but not the lymph nodes are involved.
Phase III: Regardless of how deeply the cancer penetrates the lymph nodes are involved in cancer.
Phase IV: persuasive evidence of cancer in other parts of the body outside the rectal area.
Localized rectal cancer includes stagesI-III. Metastatic stage IV rectal cancer.
The goals of treatment of rectal cancer are located to ensure removal of all cancers and to prevent a recurrence of cancer or near the rectum or around the body.
If Stage I rectal cancer is diagnosed, then surgery is probably the only necessary step in the risk of cancer returning after surgery treatment.The is low, and therefore chemotherapy is generally not available.
Sometimes, after removal of the tumor, the doctor discovered that the cancer has spread to the mesorectum (phase II) or to lymph nodes contained cancer cells (StageIII). In these cases, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are offered, after recovering from surgery to reduce the chances of cancer returning.Chemotherapy and radiotherapy is given after surgery is called adjuvant therapy.
If the initial reviews and tests show a person to have stage II or III colorectal cancer, then chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be considered before surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation given before surgery is called neoadjuvant therapy. This treatment lasts about six weeks.Neoadjuvant therapy is performed to shrink the tumor and can be completely eliminated by the addition surgery.In, a person will be able to tolerate the side effects of chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and better if this treatment given before surgery rather than afterward.Afterrecovery operation must be a person who has suffered a neoadjuvant treatment withtheoncologist meeting to discuss the need for more chemotherapy.
If the cancer is metastatic, then surgery and radiation therapy will only be made if the persistent bleeding or intestinal obstruction are rectal mass. Otherwise, chemotherapy is the standard treatment of metastatic cancer of the rectum cancer.At this time, metastatic colorectal cancer is not curable.However, the median survival time of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, extended over a few recent years due to the introduction of new drugs.
Showing posts with label medical treatment. Show all posts
Showing posts with label medical treatment. Show all posts
Thursday, 28 July 2011
Medical Treatment Of Breast Cancer
Many women are in addition to surgery, which may include radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. The decision, which requires further treatment based on stage and cancer, the presence of hormones and / or HER-2/neu receptor, and the health of patients and preferences.
Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells if left after surgery.
Radiation is a local treatment and, therefore, works only in tumor cells, which are directly within its range.
Radiation is used more often by people who have undergone conservative surgery such as lumpectomy. Conservative surgery is designed to leave the place as the breast tissue as possible.
Radiation therapy is given five days a week for five to six weeks. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes.
Radiation therapy is painless and has relatively few side effects. However, it can irritate skin or cause a sunburn sunburn in the region.
Chemotherapy involves the administration of drugs that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. In breast cancer, three different chemotherapy strategies are used:
First Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to people who have had a cure for breast cancer such as surgery and radiotherapy. It is given to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence.
2. Presurgical chemotherapy is given to shrink a large tumor and / or to kill stray cancer cells. This increases the likelihood that surgery will get rid of cancer altogether.
3. Treatment with chemotherapy is routinely administered to women with breast cancer that has spread beyond the confines of the chest or local.
Most anticancer drugs given through the IV line, but some people are given the pills.
Chemotherapy is usually given in "cycles". Each cycle includes a period of intensive treatment that lasts a few days or weeks followed by a week or two for a refund. Most people with breast cancer have at least two, often four cycles of chemotherapy to begin. The tests are then repeated to see what treatment had an effect on cancer.
Chemotherapy differs from radiation in that it treats the whole body and can focus stray tumor cells that have migrated from the breast area.
Side effects of chemotherapy are well known. Side effects depend on the drugs are used. Many of these drugs have side effects that include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue and low blood cell counts. Low blood counts can cause patients to be more susceptible to infections, feeling sick and tired, or bleed easily than normal. Medications are available to treat or prevent most of these side effects.
Hormone therapy may be because breast cancer (particularly those with a lot of estrogen receptor or progesterone) are often sensitive to hormonal changes. Hormone therapy can be administered to prevent a recurrence of a tumor or treatment of existing diseases.
In some cases, it is beneficial to remove a woman's natural hormones with drugs, is beneficial to add other hormones.
In premenopausal women, ovarian ablation (removal of ovarian hormones) may be useful. This can be done with drugs that inhibit the ability of the ovaries to produce estrogen, or surgically removing the ovaries, radiation therapy, or less frequently.
Until recently, tamoxifen (Nolvadex), an anti-estrogen (a substance that blocks the effects of estrogens), hormone therapy was the most commonly prescribed. It is used both for prevention of breast cancer and treatment.
Fulvestrant (Faslodex) is another agent that acts via the estrogen receptor, but instead of blocking it, this drug eliminates. It can be effective if the breast cancer no longer responds to tamoxifen. Fulvestrant is given only to women already in menopause and is approved for use in women with advanced breast cancer.
Toremifene (Fareston) is another anti-estrogen tamoxifen closely linked.
Aromatase inhibitors, which prevent the effect of the hormone affects the central tumor, may be more effective than tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting. Drug, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin) and letrozole (Femera) have a different set of risks and side effects than tamoxifen.
Aromatase inhibitors are rapidly moving patterns in the first line hormonal treatment. In addition, frequently used after two or more years of tamoxifen therapy.
Megace (megestrol acetate) is a substance similar to progesterone, which can also be used as a hormone therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies against proteins in or around a cancer cell. The antibodies recognize an "invader" - in this case a cancer cell - and attack.
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is an antibody against the HER-2 protein, a protein responsible for the growth of cancer cells in many women with breast cancer (about 15-25% of breast cancers). Addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy given after surgery has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence and mortality in women with early breast cancer HER2/neu-positive. The use of trastuzumab with chemotherapy has become the standard adjuvant treatment for these women.
Lapatinib (Tykerb) is another drug that is directed against HER2/neu protein and can be administered in combination with chemotherapy. It is used in women with HER2-positive are no longer helped by chemotherapy and trastuzumab.
Another monoclonal antibody, Bevacixumab (Avastin) has been shown to have activity in treating breast cancer and is used in combination with chemotherapy. This compound targets the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels.
Surgery
Surgery is usually the first step after diagnosis of breast cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and type of tumor and the patient's health and preferences.
Lumpectomy involves removal of cancerous tissue and a surrounding area of normal tissue. This is not considered curative, and should almost always be done in conjunction with other treatments such as radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy or hormonal therapy.
At that time, lumpectomy, axillary lymph nodes (glands in the armpit) is the estimated spread of cancer. This can be done either by removing the lymph nodes or sentinel node biopsy (biopsy of a lymph node closest to the tumor).
If a sentinel node biopsy is performed at the time of lumpectomy, may allow the surgeon to remove only some of the lymph nodes. In this procedure, a dye is injected into the tumor site. The way the substance is when it moves to the lymph nodes. At the first node is the sentinel node. This node is considered the most important for biopsy in the evaluation of tumor spread.
If the sentinel node biopsy is positive, the surgeon will usually remove all the lymph nodes in the armpit (axilla).
A simple chest to remove the entire breast, but not other structures. If the cancer is invasive, surgery alone will not cure. It 'a common treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ, non-invasive type of breast cancer.
Modified radical to remove the chest (armpit) lymph nodes of breast and axillary, but does not eliminate the underlying muscle in the chest. Although additional chemotherapy or hormonal therapy is almost always available, surgery alone is considered sufficient for the disease if it has metastasized.
Radical mastectomy involves removal of the breast and underlying muscles of the chest wall and content of the armpits. This is no longer done because current treatments are less bulky and has fewer complications.
Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells if left after surgery.
Radiation is a local treatment and, therefore, works only in tumor cells, which are directly within its range.
Radiation is used more often by people who have undergone conservative surgery such as lumpectomy. Conservative surgery is designed to leave the place as the breast tissue as possible.
Radiation therapy is given five days a week for five to six weeks. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes.
Radiation therapy is painless and has relatively few side effects. However, it can irritate skin or cause a sunburn sunburn in the region.
Chemotherapy involves the administration of drugs that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. In breast cancer, three different chemotherapy strategies are used:
First Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to people who have had a cure for breast cancer such as surgery and radiotherapy. It is given to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence.
2. Presurgical chemotherapy is given to shrink a large tumor and / or to kill stray cancer cells. This increases the likelihood that surgery will get rid of cancer altogether.
3. Treatment with chemotherapy is routinely administered to women with breast cancer that has spread beyond the confines of the chest or local.
Most anticancer drugs given through the IV line, but some people are given the pills.
Chemotherapy is usually given in "cycles". Each cycle includes a period of intensive treatment that lasts a few days or weeks followed by a week or two for a refund. Most people with breast cancer have at least two, often four cycles of chemotherapy to begin. The tests are then repeated to see what treatment had an effect on cancer.
Chemotherapy differs from radiation in that it treats the whole body and can focus stray tumor cells that have migrated from the breast area.
Side effects of chemotherapy are well known. Side effects depend on the drugs are used. Many of these drugs have side effects that include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue and low blood cell counts. Low blood counts can cause patients to be more susceptible to infections, feeling sick and tired, or bleed easily than normal. Medications are available to treat or prevent most of these side effects.
Hormone therapy may be because breast cancer (particularly those with a lot of estrogen receptor or progesterone) are often sensitive to hormonal changes. Hormone therapy can be administered to prevent a recurrence of a tumor or treatment of existing diseases.
In some cases, it is beneficial to remove a woman's natural hormones with drugs, is beneficial to add other hormones.
In premenopausal women, ovarian ablation (removal of ovarian hormones) may be useful. This can be done with drugs that inhibit the ability of the ovaries to produce estrogen, or surgically removing the ovaries, radiation therapy, or less frequently.
Until recently, tamoxifen (Nolvadex), an anti-estrogen (a substance that blocks the effects of estrogens), hormone therapy was the most commonly prescribed. It is used both for prevention of breast cancer and treatment.
Fulvestrant (Faslodex) is another agent that acts via the estrogen receptor, but instead of blocking it, this drug eliminates. It can be effective if the breast cancer no longer responds to tamoxifen. Fulvestrant is given only to women already in menopause and is approved for use in women with advanced breast cancer.
Toremifene (Fareston) is another anti-estrogen tamoxifen closely linked.
Aromatase inhibitors, which prevent the effect of the hormone affects the central tumor, may be more effective than tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting. Drug, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin) and letrozole (Femera) have a different set of risks and side effects than tamoxifen.
Aromatase inhibitors are rapidly moving patterns in the first line hormonal treatment. In addition, frequently used after two or more years of tamoxifen therapy.
Megace (megestrol acetate) is a substance similar to progesterone, which can also be used as a hormone therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies against proteins in or around a cancer cell. The antibodies recognize an "invader" - in this case a cancer cell - and attack.
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is an antibody against the HER-2 protein, a protein responsible for the growth of cancer cells in many women with breast cancer (about 15-25% of breast cancers). Addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy given after surgery has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence and mortality in women with early breast cancer HER2/neu-positive. The use of trastuzumab with chemotherapy has become the standard adjuvant treatment for these women.
Lapatinib (Tykerb) is another drug that is directed against HER2/neu protein and can be administered in combination with chemotherapy. It is used in women with HER2-positive are no longer helped by chemotherapy and trastuzumab.
Another monoclonal antibody, Bevacixumab (Avastin) has been shown to have activity in treating breast cancer and is used in combination with chemotherapy. This compound targets the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels.
Surgery
Surgery is usually the first step after diagnosis of breast cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and type of tumor and the patient's health and preferences.
Lumpectomy involves removal of cancerous tissue and a surrounding area of normal tissue. This is not considered curative, and should almost always be done in conjunction with other treatments such as radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy or hormonal therapy.
At that time, lumpectomy, axillary lymph nodes (glands in the armpit) is the estimated spread of cancer. This can be done either by removing the lymph nodes or sentinel node biopsy (biopsy of a lymph node closest to the tumor).
If a sentinel node biopsy is performed at the time of lumpectomy, may allow the surgeon to remove only some of the lymph nodes. In this procedure, a dye is injected into the tumor site. The way the substance is when it moves to the lymph nodes. At the first node is the sentinel node. This node is considered the most important for biopsy in the evaluation of tumor spread.
If the sentinel node biopsy is positive, the surgeon will usually remove all the lymph nodes in the armpit (axilla).
A simple chest to remove the entire breast, but not other structures. If the cancer is invasive, surgery alone will not cure. It 'a common treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ, non-invasive type of breast cancer.
Modified radical to remove the chest (armpit) lymph nodes of breast and axillary, but does not eliminate the underlying muscle in the chest. Although additional chemotherapy or hormonal therapy is almost always available, surgery alone is considered sufficient for the disease if it has metastasized.
Radical mastectomy involves removal of the breast and underlying muscles of the chest wall and content of the armpits. This is no longer done because current treatments are less bulky and has fewer complications.
Medical Treatment Of Kidney Cancer
Surgery to remove all or part of the kidney (nephrectomy) is recommended. This may include removing the bladder and surrounding tissues or lymph nodes. The treatment is unlikely to occur unless the entire tumor is removed surgically.
Hormone treatments may reduce tumor growth in some cases.
Chemotherapy is usually effective in the treatment of kidney cancer. However, the drug Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can help a small number of patients. It tells the immune system to kill cancer cells. And 'Highly toxic.
Other chemotherapy drugs have been used, but patients generally do not live long, when the disease has spread outside the kidney.
New drugs to treat kidney cancer are:
Sorafenib (Nexavar)
Sunitinib (Sutent)
Temsirolimus (Torisel)
Bevacizumab (Avastin)
Radiation therapy usually does not work for the RCC so that is not often used.
Hormone treatments may reduce tumor growth in some cases.
Chemotherapy is usually effective in the treatment of kidney cancer. However, the drug Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can help a small number of patients. It tells the immune system to kill cancer cells. And 'Highly toxic.
Other chemotherapy drugs have been used, but patients generally do not live long, when the disease has spread outside the kidney.
New drugs to treat kidney cancer are:
Sorafenib (Nexavar)
Sunitinib (Sutent)
Temsirolimus (Torisel)
Bevacizumab (Avastin)
Radiation therapy usually does not work for the RCC so that is not often used.
Medical Treatment OF Lungs Cancer
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy and radiation may lead to a cure in a small number of patients. These therapies result in shrinking of the tumor and are known to prolong life for extended periods in most patients.
Chemotherapy and radiation are very effective at relieving symptoms.
Inoperable NSCLCs are treated with chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation.
If SCLC is in an early stage (confined to the thorax), the standard of care is chemotherapy and radiation therapy given at the same time.
In later stages (spread outside of the thorax), SCLC is treated with chemotherapy and palliative radiation therapy to areas where metastases may be present.
The brain is sometimes treated with radiation even if no tumor is present there. Called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI), this therapy may prevent a tumor from forming. PCI is not suitable for all patients, however, and side effects may occur.
Limited SCLC (has not spread outside the chest cavity) has an 80%-90% rate of response to combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Remission (no cancer detected by physical examination or X-ray studies) occurs in 50%-60% of cases.
All cases of advanced-stage lung cancer (spread outside the chest cavity), approximately 50%-60% of SCLC and 15%-40% of NSCLC will go in to remission with chemotherapy.
If relapse occurs, a different type of chemotherapy regimen may offer symptom relief and modest survival benefit.
Even with an initially favorable response to treatment, SCLC tends to relapse within one to two years in most patients, particularly in those with extensive disease.
Recent research has shown benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage NSCLC in preventing or delaying recurrence of the tumor, even after surgery that is felt to be successful at removing all of the cancer.
Chemotherapy uses toxic chemicals that travel through the bloodstream. It affects healthy cells as well as cancerous cells, and this accounts for the many well-known side effects of chemotherapy, including nausea and vomiting, hair loss, skin problems, mouth sores, and fatigue.
Radiation therapy does not affect cells throughout the body the way chemotherapy does. However, it does affect healthy tissues overlying or directly adjacent to the tumor. To a large extent, the side effects of radiation depend on which part of the body is targeted with radiation.
Based on clinical trial data, chemotherapy has been found to be beneficial for all stages of non-small cell lung cancer, including the earlier stages, stage I or II. People with lung cancer should be referred to an oncologist for discussion of options.
Chemotherapy and radiation may lead to a cure in a small number of patients. These therapies result in shrinking of the tumor and are known to prolong life for extended periods in most patients.
Chemotherapy and radiation are very effective at relieving symptoms.
Inoperable NSCLCs are treated with chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation.
If SCLC is in an early stage (confined to the thorax), the standard of care is chemotherapy and radiation therapy given at the same time.
In later stages (spread outside of the thorax), SCLC is treated with chemotherapy and palliative radiation therapy to areas where metastases may be present.
The brain is sometimes treated with radiation even if no tumor is present there. Called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI), this therapy may prevent a tumor from forming. PCI is not suitable for all patients, however, and side effects may occur.
Limited SCLC (has not spread outside the chest cavity) has an 80%-90% rate of response to combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Remission (no cancer detected by physical examination or X-ray studies) occurs in 50%-60% of cases.
All cases of advanced-stage lung cancer (spread outside the chest cavity), approximately 50%-60% of SCLC and 15%-40% of NSCLC will go in to remission with chemotherapy.
If relapse occurs, a different type of chemotherapy regimen may offer symptom relief and modest survival benefit.
Even with an initially favorable response to treatment, SCLC tends to relapse within one to two years in most patients, particularly in those with extensive disease.
Recent research has shown benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage NSCLC in preventing or delaying recurrence of the tumor, even after surgery that is felt to be successful at removing all of the cancer.
Chemotherapy uses toxic chemicals that travel through the bloodstream. It affects healthy cells as well as cancerous cells, and this accounts for the many well-known side effects of chemotherapy, including nausea and vomiting, hair loss, skin problems, mouth sores, and fatigue.
Radiation therapy does not affect cells throughout the body the way chemotherapy does. However, it does affect healthy tissues overlying or directly adjacent to the tumor. To a large extent, the side effects of radiation depend on which part of the body is targeted with radiation.
Based on clinical trial data, chemotherapy has been found to be beneficial for all stages of non-small cell lung cancer, including the earlier stages, stage I or II. People with lung cancer should be referred to an oncologist for discussion of options.
Medical treatment of skin cancer
Surgical removal is the cornerstone of treatment for both basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. For more information, see the surgery.
People who can not undergo surgery, can be treated with external beam radiation. Radiotherapy is the use of a narrow beam of radiation directed at the skin lesion. The radiation kills the abnormal cells and destroys the lesion. Radiation therapy can cause irritation or burning of surrounding normal skin. It can also cause fatigue. These side effects are temporary. In addition, a topical cream was recently approved for the treatment of certain low-risk cancers non-melanoma skin.
In advanced cases, immune therapies, vaccines, or chemotherapy is used. These treatments are typically offered as clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments to see if they can be tolerated, and works better than existing treatments.
People who can not undergo surgery, can be treated with external beam radiation. Radiotherapy is the use of a narrow beam of radiation directed at the skin lesion. The radiation kills the abnormal cells and destroys the lesion. Radiation therapy can cause irritation or burning of surrounding normal skin. It can also cause fatigue. These side effects are temporary. In addition, a topical cream was recently approved for the treatment of certain low-risk cancers non-melanoma skin.
In advanced cases, immune therapies, vaccines, or chemotherapy is used. These treatments are typically offered as clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new treatments to see if they can be tolerated, and works better than existing treatments.
Wednesday, 27 July 2011
Medical treatment
Standard therapies for bladder cancer include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy or biological therapy.
Surgery and radiotherapy are local treatments. This means getting rid of cancer cells in the treated area.
Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment. This means it can kill cancer cells almost everywhere in the body.
For more information about the surgery.
Radiotherapy
Radiation is a high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and normal cells in its path. Radiation can be given a small muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It 'is commonly used as an alternative approach to surgery. One of the two types of radiation may be used. However, the largest therapeutic effect, it must be administered in combination with chemotherapy:
External radiation is produced by a machine outside the body. The team target a narrow beam of radiation directly to the tumor. This form of therapy is usually spread in the short-five days a week for five to seven weeks. Helping spread this way to protect the surrounding healthy tissue by reducing the dose of each treatment. Radiation is administered in the hospital or medical center. Who attend the center every day for outpatient radiotherapy.
Internal radiation is given by placing a small pellet of radioactive material inside the bladder. The pill can be inserted into the urethra or by making a small incision in the lower abdominal wall. You must stay in the hospital throughout the treatment, which lasts several days. Visits to family and friends are limited to protect against the effects of radiation. When treatment is completed, the pellet removed, and you get to go home. This type of radiation is rarely used for bladder cancer in the United States.
Unfortunately, the radiation is not only cancer cells but also everything that touches the healthy tissue. With external radiation, covering the healthy tissue near the tumor or may be damaged. Side effects of radiotherapy depend on the dose and the area of the body where radiation is concentrated.
An area in which the radiation passes through the skin may become red, sore, dry or itchy. The effect is not unlike a sunburn. Although these effects can be serious, but usually are not permanent. The skin in this area can become permanent darker, though. Internal organs, bones and other tissues may be damaged. Internal radiation has been developed to avoid these complications.
You may feel very tired during radiation therapy.
Radiation in this area, because the need for bladder cancer, can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Common effects are extreme tiredness, increased susceptibility to infections, and bruising or bleeding.
Radiation to the pelvis can also cause nausea, diarrhea, urinary problems and sexual problems such as vaginal dryness in women and impotence in men.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer. Bladder cancer, chemotherapy can be administered alone or with surgery or radiotherapy or both. It can be administered before or after other treatments. Chemotherapy is usually given oncologist's office, but it may require hospitalization.
Stage Ta, T1 bladder cancer and CIS can be treated with intravesical chemotherapy. After removal of the tumor, one or more liquid medicine into the bladder through a thin plastic tube called a catheter. The drugs remain in the bladder for several hours and then drained, commonly with urination. This treatment is usually repeated once a week for several weeks.
The cancer that has invaded deep into the bladder, lymph nodes or other organs, requires systemic chemotherapy or intravenously. Combating cancer drug is injected into the bloodstream through a vein. This drug to reach almost the entire body and, ideally, to kill cancer cells wherever they are.
Chemotherapy is well known for its unpleasant side effects. Side effects depend on the drugs you receive and how medications are administered.
The severity of these effects varies from one person. For unknown reasons, some people tolerate chemotherapy much better than others.
Some common side effects of chemotherapy are nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, sores inside the mouth or gut, fatigue or lack of energy (due to anemia or low red blood count) , increased susceptibility to infection (due to the low number of white blood cells), and easy bruising or bleeding (because the low platelet count). Ask your oncologist about the actual effects can be expected.
These side effects are usually temporary and disappear at the end of chemotherapy.
Several studies have shown that intravesical chemotherapy is effective in reducing the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer in the short term.
Intravesical chemotherapy such as mitomycin C, is often given as a single dose in the bladder immediately after removal of the tumor by cystoscopy.
Intravesical chemotherapy can irritate the bladder or kidneys.
Intravesical chemotherapy is not effective in bladder cancer has already invaded the muscle wall of the bladder or spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
Immunotherapy or biological therapy
Biological therapy uses the body's natural defenses of cancer.
Your immune system are substances in the blood, work against the "invaders" such as abnormal cells (cancerous cells for example).
Sometimes the immune system is overwhelmed by aggressive cancer cells.
Biologic therapy, or immunotherapy helps strengthen the immune system to fight cancer.
Biologic therapy is usually given in stages Ta, T1 bladder cancer and CIS.
Immunotherapy or biological therapy widely used in cancer of the bladder is intravesical BCG therapy.
Fluid containing BCG, attenuated vaccine (Mycobacterium changed), are exported into the bladder through a thin catheter, which is through the urethra.
Mycobacterium in the fluid stimulates the immune system to produce anti-cancer substances.
The solution is stored in the bladder for a few hours, then drained. This treatment is repeated every week for six weeks and is repeated several times over several months or even longer in some cases. Researchers are still working to determine the best time of these treatments. Time of treatments may be needed less often.
BCG can irritate the bladder and cause minor bleeding in the bladder. The bleeding is usually invisible in the urine. You may feel the need to urinate more often than usual, or pain or burning when urinating. Other side effects include nausea, fever and chills. These result from the stimulation of the immune system. These effects are almost always temporary.
Surgery and radiotherapy are local treatments. This means getting rid of cancer cells in the treated area.
Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment. This means it can kill cancer cells almost everywhere in the body.
For more information about the surgery.
Radiotherapy
Radiation is a high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and normal cells in its path. Radiation can be given a small muscle-invasive bladder cancer. It 'is commonly used as an alternative approach to surgery. One of the two types of radiation may be used. However, the largest therapeutic effect, it must be administered in combination with chemotherapy:
External radiation is produced by a machine outside the body. The team target a narrow beam of radiation directly to the tumor. This form of therapy is usually spread in the short-five days a week for five to seven weeks. Helping spread this way to protect the surrounding healthy tissue by reducing the dose of each treatment. Radiation is administered in the hospital or medical center. Who attend the center every day for outpatient radiotherapy.
Internal radiation is given by placing a small pellet of radioactive material inside the bladder. The pill can be inserted into the urethra or by making a small incision in the lower abdominal wall. You must stay in the hospital throughout the treatment, which lasts several days. Visits to family and friends are limited to protect against the effects of radiation. When treatment is completed, the pellet removed, and you get to go home. This type of radiation is rarely used for bladder cancer in the United States.
Unfortunately, the radiation is not only cancer cells but also everything that touches the healthy tissue. With external radiation, covering the healthy tissue near the tumor or may be damaged. Side effects of radiotherapy depend on the dose and the area of the body where radiation is concentrated.
An area in which the radiation passes through the skin may become red, sore, dry or itchy. The effect is not unlike a sunburn. Although these effects can be serious, but usually are not permanent. The skin in this area can become permanent darker, though. Internal organs, bones and other tissues may be damaged. Internal radiation has been developed to avoid these complications.
You may feel very tired during radiation therapy.
Radiation in this area, because the need for bladder cancer, can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Common effects are extreme tiredness, increased susceptibility to infections, and bruising or bleeding.
Radiation to the pelvis can also cause nausea, diarrhea, urinary problems and sexual problems such as vaginal dryness in women and impotence in men.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer. Bladder cancer, chemotherapy can be administered alone or with surgery or radiotherapy or both. It can be administered before or after other treatments. Chemotherapy is usually given oncologist's office, but it may require hospitalization.
Stage Ta, T1 bladder cancer and CIS can be treated with intravesical chemotherapy. After removal of the tumor, one or more liquid medicine into the bladder through a thin plastic tube called a catheter. The drugs remain in the bladder for several hours and then drained, commonly with urination. This treatment is usually repeated once a week for several weeks.
The cancer that has invaded deep into the bladder, lymph nodes or other organs, requires systemic chemotherapy or intravenously. Combating cancer drug is injected into the bloodstream through a vein. This drug to reach almost the entire body and, ideally, to kill cancer cells wherever they are.
Chemotherapy is well known for its unpleasant side effects. Side effects depend on the drugs you receive and how medications are administered.
The severity of these effects varies from one person. For unknown reasons, some people tolerate chemotherapy much better than others.
Some common side effects of chemotherapy are nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, sores inside the mouth or gut, fatigue or lack of energy (due to anemia or low red blood count) , increased susceptibility to infection (due to the low number of white blood cells), and easy bruising or bleeding (because the low platelet count). Ask your oncologist about the actual effects can be expected.
These side effects are usually temporary and disappear at the end of chemotherapy.
Several studies have shown that intravesical chemotherapy is effective in reducing the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer in the short term.
Intravesical chemotherapy such as mitomycin C, is often given as a single dose in the bladder immediately after removal of the tumor by cystoscopy.
Intravesical chemotherapy can irritate the bladder or kidneys.
Intravesical chemotherapy is not effective in bladder cancer has already invaded the muscle wall of the bladder or spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
Immunotherapy or biological therapy
Biological therapy uses the body's natural defenses of cancer.
Your immune system are substances in the blood, work against the "invaders" such as abnormal cells (cancerous cells for example).
Sometimes the immune system is overwhelmed by aggressive cancer cells.
Biologic therapy, or immunotherapy helps strengthen the immune system to fight cancer.
Biologic therapy is usually given in stages Ta, T1 bladder cancer and CIS.
Immunotherapy or biological therapy widely used in cancer of the bladder is intravesical BCG therapy.
Fluid containing BCG, attenuated vaccine (Mycobacterium changed), are exported into the bladder through a thin catheter, which is through the urethra.
Mycobacterium in the fluid stimulates the immune system to produce anti-cancer substances.
The solution is stored in the bladder for a few hours, then drained. This treatment is repeated every week for six weeks and is repeated several times over several months or even longer in some cases. Researchers are still working to determine the best time of these treatments. Time of treatments may be needed less often.
BCG can irritate the bladder and cause minor bleeding in the bladder. The bleeding is usually invisible in the urine. You may feel the need to urinate more often than usual, or pain or burning when urinating. Other side effects include nausea, fever and chills. These result from the stimulation of the immune system. These effects are almost always temporary.
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