The exact cause of penile cancer or penile cancer is unknown. It 'widely believed that personal hygiene is a case concerning the disease. The process of removing the foreskin is called circumcision.
Among men who underwent this procedure the chances of developing the disease are low, but for those who have not had circumcision of the foreskin is difficult to remove and clean the area below becomes a problem. If cleaning is neglected the risk of developing cancer of the penis or penis enlargement.
Another risk factor for developing cancer of the penis or penile cancer is a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). He is responsible for causing warts on the penis increases the risk of developing this cancer. In addition, certain diseases affecting the skin of the penis can go on to become cancer if left untreated.
Saturday 30 July 2011
Penis Cancer Overview
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| PENIS CANCER |
Penis is part of the male reproductive system.
This disease is also known as cancer of the penis.
It is less common in the U.S. and Britain, but more common in Asian countries.
Prevention Of Nose Cancer
Prevention of nasopharyngeal cancer include:
Stop smoking.
Avoid exposure to secondary smoke.
Avoid alcohol or drink alcohol in moderation:
For men: no more than 2 drinks per day
For women: no more than one alcoholic drink per day
Stop smoking.
Avoid exposure to secondary smoke.
Avoid alcohol or drink alcohol in moderation:
For men: no more than 2 drinks per day
For women: no more than one alcoholic drink per day
Treatment Of Nose Cancer
Different types of treatment options for cancer are available for patients with cancer of the nose of the nose or nose. Some treatments are standard and some are being tested in clinical trials. When clinical trials are better treatment options, and then become the standard treatment. There are three types of standard treatment options:
1. Radiation therapy: This type of cancer treatment nasal high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation used to kill cancer cells. The rays are directed against the tumor and surrounding tissue. Radiotherapy is a local treatment and affects only the cells of the treated area. Cancer of the nose can also be treated with surgery or chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is used to shrink a large tumor before surgery or to destroy cancer cells. In external radiation therapy machine outside the body is used to send radiation toward the cancer. In internal radiation therapy, radioactive substances used in sealed in needles, seeds, wires and catheters that are placed near the cancer. If external radiotherapy hypothyroidism is thyroid or pituitary gland may change the way it works. Radiation therapy is given by examining the type and stage of cancer. The thyroid can be tested before and after surgery to see if it works properly.
2. Surgery: this type of cancer nose, the surgeon's scalpel or a laser used to remove the cancer. Type of surgery depends on the location and size of the tumor. The surgery is done to remove the cancer, if present, or to repair the body from each other. The surgery is done nasal pharyngeal cancer, radiotherapy is not working. If the cancer spreads to lymph nodes, then the lymph nodes and other tissues around the neck can be removed. Depending on how advanced the cancer is cut is made around the bone or where the tumor is.
3. Chemotherapy: In this type of treatment for cancer of the nose for drugs, the goal is to stop the growth of cancer cells or prevent their multiplication. Chemotherapy is administered orally, for example, a pill or an injection into a vein or muscle. The drug enters the bloodstream and reach cancer cells throughout the body. This is called systemic chemotherapy. Regional chemotherapy, the drug is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen of the drug mainly affects the cancer cells in those areas.
4. Biological Therapy: This treatment for cancer of the nose, immune system patient.s used in the fight against cancer. This therapy is given by injection into a vein. Treatment of cancer of the nose by biological therapy improves the natural defenses against cancer body.s. Cancer cells in blood and bone marrow are killed. Special immune cells and proteins are used to stimulate the body's immune system.
5. Intensity modulated radiation therapy: This is a kind of three-dimensional radiation therapy with computer graphics are used to show the shape and size of the tumor. This treatment is less likely to cause dry mouth, and to improve the quality of life.
1. Radiation therapy: This type of cancer treatment nasal high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation used to kill cancer cells. The rays are directed against the tumor and surrounding tissue. Radiotherapy is a local treatment and affects only the cells of the treated area. Cancer of the nose can also be treated with surgery or chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is used to shrink a large tumor before surgery or to destroy cancer cells. In external radiation therapy machine outside the body is used to send radiation toward the cancer. In internal radiation therapy, radioactive substances used in sealed in needles, seeds, wires and catheters that are placed near the cancer. If external radiotherapy hypothyroidism is thyroid or pituitary gland may change the way it works. Radiation therapy is given by examining the type and stage of cancer. The thyroid can be tested before and after surgery to see if it works properly.
2. Surgery: this type of cancer nose, the surgeon's scalpel or a laser used to remove the cancer. Type of surgery depends on the location and size of the tumor. The surgery is done to remove the cancer, if present, or to repair the body from each other. The surgery is done nasal pharyngeal cancer, radiotherapy is not working. If the cancer spreads to lymph nodes, then the lymph nodes and other tissues around the neck can be removed. Depending on how advanced the cancer is cut is made around the bone or where the tumor is.
3. Chemotherapy: In this type of treatment for cancer of the nose for drugs, the goal is to stop the growth of cancer cells or prevent their multiplication. Chemotherapy is administered orally, for example, a pill or an injection into a vein or muscle. The drug enters the bloodstream and reach cancer cells throughout the body. This is called systemic chemotherapy. Regional chemotherapy, the drug is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ or a body cavity such as the abdomen of the drug mainly affects the cancer cells in those areas.
4. Biological Therapy: This treatment for cancer of the nose, immune system patient.s used in the fight against cancer. This therapy is given by injection into a vein. Treatment of cancer of the nose by biological therapy improves the natural defenses against cancer body.s. Cancer cells in blood and bone marrow are killed. Special immune cells and proteins are used to stimulate the body's immune system.
5. Intensity modulated radiation therapy: This is a kind of three-dimensional radiation therapy with computer graphics are used to show the shape and size of the tumor. This treatment is less likely to cause dry mouth, and to improve the quality of life.
Symptoms Of Nose Cancer
Men are more prone to nasal cancer compared with women. Men who are over the age of 45 are at greater risk of developing cancer of the nose.
Nasal cancer symptoms are similar to symptoms of skin cancer. The symptoms are very difficult to detect at an early stage. Could multiply in other parts of the face in the chronic phase.
We recommend anyone to go see the ENT specialist to determine the exact cause of symptoms.
Symptoms of nasal cancer are:
Stumbling block in the nasopharynx that connects the nose to the throat
Nosebleed
Lump in the neck
Neck pain due to a fixed
Visible swelling in the neck
The neck swelling
Masonry units means nasal
The production of pus from one side of the nose
Headaches
Blurred vision
Hearing problems
Muscle pain and weakness of muscles
Swelling and weakness of the tongue
Serious trouble breathing
Difficulty speaking correctly
Constant eye view
Weakness of facial muscles
Lumps in the neck healed
Problems with movement and lift your shoulders
Difficult to tilt the neck
Anemia
Infection of the nose, throat, neck, etc.
Malnutrition
Dehydration
Nasal cancer symptoms are similar to symptoms of skin cancer. The symptoms are very difficult to detect at an early stage. Could multiply in other parts of the face in the chronic phase.
We recommend anyone to go see the ENT specialist to determine the exact cause of symptoms.
Symptoms of nasal cancer are:
Stumbling block in the nasopharynx that connects the nose to the throat
Nosebleed
Lump in the neck
Neck pain due to a fixed
Visible swelling in the neck
The neck swelling
Masonry units means nasal
The production of pus from one side of the nose
Headaches
Blurred vision
Hearing problems
Muscle pain and weakness of muscles
Swelling and weakness of the tongue
Serious trouble breathing
Difficulty speaking correctly
Constant eye view
Weakness of facial muscles
Lumps in the neck healed
Problems with movement and lift your shoulders
Difficult to tilt the neck
Anemia
Infection of the nose, throat, neck, etc.
Malnutrition
Dehydration
Causes Of Nose Cancer
The exact cause of nasal cancer, but many risk factors associated with the development of the nose is called cancer.
Some of them are exposure to certain chemicals and metals, personal history of developing other cancers, and some environmental factors.
The metals are nickel and chromium, and chemicals used in production.
Some of them are exposure to certain chemicals and metals, personal history of developing other cancers, and some environmental factors.
The metals are nickel and chromium, and chemicals used in production.
Nose Cancer Overview
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| NOSE CANCER |
Prevention Of Herart Cancer
Cancer of the heart occur rarely. This is because heart cells almost never happen again, so there are many possibilities of creating cancer cells.
Heart cells do its job of pumping, and will not occur unless the damage occurred. There are cell division takes place very few compared to other organs, there is little chance of developing cancer of the heart.
Regardless of location, cardiac or otherwise, cancer is caused by symbiotic organisms become pests when power becomes too acidic, and prevention of cancer requires eating an alkaline diet.
Modern medicine does not know the cause of cancer and how to avoid it. Once you know the cause of cancer can be avoided by monitoring the pH of urine and regulating his diet. It's that simple.
If you have cancer, it would be wise to treat the cause of cancer rather than the symptoms. If you learn the cause, you will be able to take measures to prevent recurrence.
Heart cells do its job of pumping, and will not occur unless the damage occurred. There are cell division takes place very few compared to other organs, there is little chance of developing cancer of the heart.
Regardless of location, cardiac or otherwise, cancer is caused by symbiotic organisms become pests when power becomes too acidic, and prevention of cancer requires eating an alkaline diet.
Modern medicine does not know the cause of cancer and how to avoid it. Once you know the cause of cancer can be avoided by monitoring the pH of urine and regulating his diet. It's that simple.
If you have cancer, it would be wise to treat the cause of cancer rather than the symptoms. If you learn the cause, you will be able to take measures to prevent recurrence.
Treatment Of Heart Cancer
How cancer treated heart?
Treatments for cancer of the heart are designed to control symptoms and improve quality of life.
The goal of treatment against cancer
The goal of cancer treatment is a heart to treat cancer or permanently bring the complete remission of the disease. Remission means there is no sign of disease in the body, although it may recur or relapse later.
Common treatments for cancer of the heart
Heart Treatments for cancer are:
Chemotherapy to attack cancer cells and to control symptoms
Dietary advice to help people with cancer maintain their strength and nutritional status
Palliative care improves the overall quality of life for families and patients with serious illnesses
Participation in a clinical trial that is testing promising new therapies and treatments for heart cancer
Physical therapy to help strengthen the body, increase alertness, reduce fatigue and improve functional capacity during and after cancer treatment
Radiation therapy to attack cancer cells and to manage symptoms
Surgery to remove the cancer and preserve the functioning of the heart
Complementary therapies
Some complementary therapies may help some people cope better with cancer and cardiac treatments. These treatments are sometimes called alternative therapies used in conjunction with traditional medical treatment. Complementary treatments are not supposed to be a substitute for comprehensive medical care.
Additional treatments may include:
Acupuncture
Massotherapy
Yoga
Palliative care
In cases where the cancer center has evolved into an advanced stage and it was responded to treatment, the goal of treatment changes from cure the disease, and focus on measures to keep a person comfortable and to maximize quality of life. Palliative care involves medical control pain and other symptoms while providing emotional support and spiritual services to support the patient's family.
Treatments for cancer of the heart are designed to control symptoms and improve quality of life.
The goal of treatment against cancer
The goal of cancer treatment is a heart to treat cancer or permanently bring the complete remission of the disease. Remission means there is no sign of disease in the body, although it may recur or relapse later.
Common treatments for cancer of the heart
Heart Treatments for cancer are:
Chemotherapy to attack cancer cells and to control symptoms
Dietary advice to help people with cancer maintain their strength and nutritional status
Palliative care improves the overall quality of life for families and patients with serious illnesses
Participation in a clinical trial that is testing promising new therapies and treatments for heart cancer
Physical therapy to help strengthen the body, increase alertness, reduce fatigue and improve functional capacity during and after cancer treatment
Radiation therapy to attack cancer cells and to manage symptoms
Surgery to remove the cancer and preserve the functioning of the heart
Complementary therapies
Some complementary therapies may help some people cope better with cancer and cardiac treatments. These treatments are sometimes called alternative therapies used in conjunction with traditional medical treatment. Complementary treatments are not supposed to be a substitute for comprehensive medical care.
Additional treatments may include:
Acupuncture
Massotherapy
Yoga
Palliative care
In cases where the cancer center has evolved into an advanced stage and it was responded to treatment, the goal of treatment changes from cure the disease, and focus on measures to keep a person comfortable and to maximize quality of life. Palliative care involves medical control pain and other symptoms while providing emotional support and spiritual services to support the patient's family.
Friday 29 July 2011
Symptoms Of Heart Cancer
The most common symptoms of cancer of the heart include:
Chest pain or pressure
Cough, which may be productive of pink frothy sputum
Fatigue
Fever
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Shortness of breath, which can be exacerbated by floor
Swollen feet and ankles
Unexpected weight gain or loss
Weakness (loss of strength)
The enlargement and thickening of the fingertips (clubbing)
Severe symptoms that could indicate a life threatening condition
In some cases, cancer of the heart can be fatal.
life-threatening symptoms such as:
Bluish lips and fingernails
Change in level of consciousness or alertness, such as fainting or no response
Change in mental status or sudden change in behavior, such as confusion, delirium, drowsiness, hallucinations and delusions
Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias
Not producing urine, or a child who does not produce the usual amount of wet diapers
Paralysis or inability to move part of the body
Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
Trouble breathing or respiration, such as difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, choking
Chest pain or pressure
Cough, which may be productive of pink frothy sputum
Fatigue
Fever
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Shortness of breath, which can be exacerbated by floor
Swollen feet and ankles
Unexpected weight gain or loss
Weakness (loss of strength)
The enlargement and thickening of the fingertips (clubbing)
Severe symptoms that could indicate a life threatening condition
In some cases, cancer of the heart can be fatal.
life-threatening symptoms such as:
Bluish lips and fingernails
Change in level of consciousness or alertness, such as fainting or no response
Change in mental status or sudden change in behavior, such as confusion, delirium, drowsiness, hallucinations and delusions
Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias
Not producing urine, or a child who does not produce the usual amount of wet diapers
Paralysis or inability to move part of the body
Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
Trouble breathing or respiration, such as difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, choking
Causes Of Heart Cancer
The cause of heart disease is not known. As with any cancer, any changes in the cells, leading to changes in their function and growth control. These types of changes may occur in one of the cells in the heart.
Heart Cancer Overview
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| HRART CANCER |
Cardiac tumors may develop from any of the heart. In adults, the most common tumors angiosarcoma of the heart, which usually develops in the right upper chamber of the heart (atrium). Angiosarcoma cells that make up the lining of arteries. When cells become cancerous, they multiply and create an irregular blood vessel-like masses, which can swell in the atrium, and spread to adjacent structures.
Cardiac rhaabdomyosarcoma cancer is the second most common primary heart in adults and cancer of the most common primary heart in children. These tumors are derived from muscle cells become cancerous. Rhabdomyosarcoma can develop anywhere in the heart, but almost always involve at least a portion of the myocardium, cardiac muscle thick. Less frequent types of primary cardiac tumors include cardiac liposarcoma, mesothelioma, fibrosarcoma, histiocytomas and schwannomas.
Prevention Of Hean And Neck Cancer
To minimize cancer of the oral cavity is to make lifestyle changes. Behavioral changes may include the creation of a healthy diet or exercise routine. Removal of tobacco and alcohol also reduces the risk of acquiring the head and neck cancer recurrence and who are diagnosed with mouth cancer in the original. Talk to your doctor about the options available to help you make any changes in behavior.
Treatment Of Head And Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer is a very complex task, because the sites involved are different, and many different classification systems. Today, many alternative therapies, and standardized methods to better serve to treat the disease, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation as well. These methods are implemented either alone or in combination, depending on the stage of cancer.
Many drugs have entered the market for the treatment of cancer of the head and neck. Chemotherapy has side effects, but they are temporary. Side effects of radiation therapy used to treat cancer of the head and neck can include difficulty swallowing, mouth sores, and skin reactions (redness, itching, burning), which disappear over time.
Many drugs have entered the market for the treatment of cancer of the head and neck. Chemotherapy has side effects, but they are temporary. Side effects of radiation therapy used to treat cancer of the head and neck can include difficulty swallowing, mouth sores, and skin reactions (redness, itching, burning), which disappear over time.
Symptoms Of Head And Neck Cancer
Symptoms of several head neck cancer sites include a lump sum or a sore that does not heal, a sore throat that does not go away, difficulty swallowing and a change or hoarseness in his voice. Other symptoms may include:
The oral cavity. Red or white patch on the gums, tongue or lining of the mouth, swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable, or unusual bleeding and pain in the mouth.
The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The sinuses are blocked and do not disappear, chronic sinus infections that do not respond to antibiotic treatment, nosebleeds, headaches, trouble with inflammation or another with the eyes, pain in the upper teeth, or problems with dentures.
Salivary glands. Swelling under the chin or around the jaw numbness, or paralysis of facial muscles, or pain that does not go away from the jaw, face or neck.
Pharynx and hypopharynx. Ear pain.
Nasopharynx. Difficulty breathing or speaking, frequent headaches, pain or ringing in the ears or trouble hearing.
Larynx. Pain on swallowing, or ear pain.
Metastatic squamous neck. Pain in the neck or throat that does not go away.
These symptoms may be caused by cancer or by other less serious conditions. It is important to consult a doctor or dentist about any of these symptoms.
The oral cavity. Red or white patch on the gums, tongue or lining of the mouth, swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable, or unusual bleeding and pain in the mouth.
The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The sinuses are blocked and do not disappear, chronic sinus infections that do not respond to antibiotic treatment, nosebleeds, headaches, trouble with inflammation or another with the eyes, pain in the upper teeth, or problems with dentures.
Salivary glands. Swelling under the chin or around the jaw numbness, or paralysis of facial muscles, or pain that does not go away from the jaw, face or neck.
Pharynx and hypopharynx. Ear pain.
Nasopharynx. Difficulty breathing or speaking, frequent headaches, pain or ringing in the ears or trouble hearing.
Larynx. Pain on swallowing, or ear pain.
Metastatic squamous neck. Pain in the neck or throat that does not go away.
These symptoms may be caused by cancer or by other less serious conditions. It is important to consult a doctor or dentist about any of these symptoms.
Causes Of Head And Neck Cancer
Tobacco (including smokeless tobacco, sometimes called "oblique" or "snuff") and alcohol are major risk factors for head and neck, especially the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx. Eighty-five percent of head and neck associated with smoking. People who use tobacco and alcohol are more at risk of developing these cancers than people who use either tobacco or alcohol alone.
Other risk factors for cancers of the head and neck includes the following:
Cave mouth. Sun exposure (lip), possibly human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Salivary glands. Radiation in head and neck. This exposure may become a diagnostic x-rays or radiation therapy for non-cancerous conditions or cancer.
Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Certain industrial exposures, such as wood or nickel dust inhalation. Tobacco and alcohol could play a minor role in this type of cancer.
Nasopharynx. Asians, particularly China, ancestry, infection with Epstein-Barr virus occupational exposure to wood dust, and consumption of certain preservatives or salted foods.
Oropharynx. The lack of oral hygiene, infection by HPV and the use of mouthwash that has a high alcohol content are possible, but unproven factors of risk.
Hypopharynx. Plummer-Vinson (also called Paterson-Kelly) syndrome, a rare disease resulting from iron and other nutritional deficiencies. This syndrome is characterized by severe anemia and lead to difficulty swallowing due to webs of tissue that grows throughout the upper esophagus.
Larynx. Exposure to asbestos particles, especially in the workplace.
Immigrants from South Asia that uses Paan (betel pounds) in the mouth should be aware that this habit has been strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. The consumption of maté tea, as usual beverage consumed by South Americans, was associated with an increased risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus and larynx.
People at risk of head and neck cancer should discuss with their doctor about ways they can reduce their risk. They should also discuss how often you should take the tests.
Other risk factors for cancers of the head and neck includes the following:
Cave mouth. Sun exposure (lip), possibly human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Salivary glands. Radiation in head and neck. This exposure may become a diagnostic x-rays or radiation therapy for non-cancerous conditions or cancer.
Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Certain industrial exposures, such as wood or nickel dust inhalation. Tobacco and alcohol could play a minor role in this type of cancer.
Nasopharynx. Asians, particularly China, ancestry, infection with Epstein-Barr virus occupational exposure to wood dust, and consumption of certain preservatives or salted foods.
Oropharynx. The lack of oral hygiene, infection by HPV and the use of mouthwash that has a high alcohol content are possible, but unproven factors of risk.
Hypopharynx. Plummer-Vinson (also called Paterson-Kelly) syndrome, a rare disease resulting from iron and other nutritional deficiencies. This syndrome is characterized by severe anemia and lead to difficulty swallowing due to webs of tissue that grows throughout the upper esophagus.
Larynx. Exposure to asbestos particles, especially in the workplace.
Immigrants from South Asia that uses Paan (betel pounds) in the mouth should be aware that this habit has been strongly associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. The consumption of maté tea, as usual beverage consumed by South Americans, was associated with an increased risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus and larynx.
People at risk of head and neck cancer should discuss with their doctor about ways they can reduce their risk. They should also discuss how often you should take the tests.
Head And Neck Cancer Overview
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| HEAD AND NECK CANCER |
Airway just behind the nose is called the nasal pharynx larynx, or voice box and salivary glands, including the parotid glands, which secrete saliva and sublingual submanidular are the other regions.
Prevention Of Gum Cancer
Cancer chewing gum may be better to prevent than cure. Simple steps to follow, the disease is:
Having a regular dental checkup, especially in the soft tissues of the mouth to check for abnormal changes in the gums.
Have dental problems corrected
Do not smoke or use snuff or minimize their use if possible
Avoid alcohol or minimize
Practicing good oral hygiene is the best way to prevent the disease from occurring
Having a regular dental checkup, especially in the soft tissues of the mouth to check for abnormal changes in the gums.
Have dental problems corrected
Do not smoke or use snuff or minimize their use if possible
Avoid alcohol or minimize
Practicing good oral hygiene is the best way to prevent the disease from occurring
Treatment Of Gum Cancer
The exact method of cancer treatment is surgery of the gums. The surgery involves removing the tumor, if it is small enough. Apart from surgery, cancer of the gum other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy.
These methods are selected in cases where the tumor is very large and can not be removed by surgery. If the tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the neck as these methods.
Sometimes surgery may also be useful for the removal of large tumors. Rehabilitation may include speech therapy or other therapy to improve movement, chewing, swallowing, and speech.
These methods are selected in cases where the tumor is very large and can not be removed by surgery. If the tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the neck as these methods.
Sometimes surgery may also be useful for the removal of large tumors. Rehabilitation may include speech therapy or other therapy to improve movement, chewing, swallowing, and speech.
Symptoms Of Gum Cancer
Gum cancer symptoms can often be confused with other dental problems, which are less serious and easily treatable. Most of these cases is expected to counter when they are developed.
Due to the simple negligence and improper treatment of cancer many times without gum is left untreated. Some of the symptoms of Gum cancer, which may be related to other problems or can not be sure signs of the disease are:
Gum pain: The first and foremost, the symptoms of cancer of the gums are often confused with another disorder or problem is pain in the gums. This is due to the malignant cells in the gums.
Swelling of the gums: the pain is accompanied by swelling and
Gum mass: The mass accumulation of abnormal cells in the gum tissue may be formed
Ulceration of the gums: Other common symptoms are the formation of ulcers in the gums or the surrounding areas.
Bleeding gums: Unexpected bleeding or bruising without injury, without any particular reason.
Due to the simple negligence and improper treatment of cancer many times without gum is left untreated. Some of the symptoms of Gum cancer, which may be related to other problems or can not be sure signs of the disease are:
Gum pain: The first and foremost, the symptoms of cancer of the gums are often confused with another disorder or problem is pain in the gums. This is due to the malignant cells in the gums.
Swelling of the gums: the pain is accompanied by swelling and
Gum mass: The mass accumulation of abnormal cells in the gum tissue may be formed
Ulceration of the gums: Other common symptoms are the formation of ulcers in the gums or the surrounding areas.
Bleeding gums: Unexpected bleeding or bruising without injury, without any particular reason.
Causes Of Gum Cancer
Alcohol and smoking are risk factors for cancer of the gums and other oral cancers. In general, oral cancers are more common in men than in women and usually occur after age 40.
Gum Cancer Overview
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| GUM CANCER |
Prevention Of Bile Duct Cancer
Below is a list of suggestions prevention of cancer of the bile duct, which greatly reduces the risk of cancer of the bile duct, bile duct disease symptoms.
First Maintain a healthy body weight
Weight loss is associated with a healthy lifestyle. Obesity kills and it is important to remember that excess weight is difficult organs, including the pancreas. To reduce the risk of biliary tract cancer and biliary tract, a healthy body weight is crucial. The bile duct obstruction can be caused by poor food intake rich in fatty acids. This blockage can lead to biliary tract disease and make it more prone to symptoms of bile duct cancer.
2. Avoid smoking
Smoking is not good, no matter how you look. If it does not cause lung cancer, causes something bad in your life. A recent study showed that the gall bladder polyps developed in more smokers than nonsmokers. Smoking can also reduce the immune system and make it weak. If you have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, it is important to stop smoking immediately. Your doctor can help you with the best and easiest ways to stop smoking.
3. Limit alcohol use
The use of alcohol is a hard pancreas. All alcohol must be discontinued immediately if you notice any symptoms of blocked bile ducts. Alcohol is a hard and if you have a pancreas, biliary tract cancer, alcohol consumption should be stopped completely and immediately. If you are diagnosed with cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct, it is important to stop drinking immediately.
4. Living a healthy life
It's not too late to adapt or adopt a healthy lifestyle. Removal of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine may reduce the risk of developing cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct.
5. Avoid caffeine
It's not too late to adjust to a healthy lifestyle. Eliminate alcohol, tobacco and caffeine may reduce the risk of biliary tract cancer developing. Caffeine is hard on the system and causes the pancreas to work in time. Inflammation of the pancreas has to work less and rest more. Caffeine should be consumed in moderation. Too much caffeine can cause problems not only of the pancreas, liver and stomach problems.
First Maintain a healthy body weight
Weight loss is associated with a healthy lifestyle. Obesity kills and it is important to remember that excess weight is difficult organs, including the pancreas. To reduce the risk of biliary tract cancer and biliary tract, a healthy body weight is crucial. The bile duct obstruction can be caused by poor food intake rich in fatty acids. This blockage can lead to biliary tract disease and make it more prone to symptoms of bile duct cancer.
2. Avoid smoking
Smoking is not good, no matter how you look. If it does not cause lung cancer, causes something bad in your life. A recent study showed that the gall bladder polyps developed in more smokers than nonsmokers. Smoking can also reduce the immune system and make it weak. If you have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, it is important to stop smoking immediately. Your doctor can help you with the best and easiest ways to stop smoking.
3. Limit alcohol use
The use of alcohol is a hard pancreas. All alcohol must be discontinued immediately if you notice any symptoms of blocked bile ducts. Alcohol is a hard and if you have a pancreas, biliary tract cancer, alcohol consumption should be stopped completely and immediately. If you are diagnosed with cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct, it is important to stop drinking immediately.
4. Living a healthy life
It's not too late to adapt or adopt a healthy lifestyle. Removal of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine may reduce the risk of developing cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct.
5. Avoid caffeine
It's not too late to adjust to a healthy lifestyle. Eliminate alcohol, tobacco and caffeine may reduce the risk of biliary tract cancer developing. Caffeine is hard on the system and causes the pancreas to work in time. Inflammation of the pancreas has to work less and rest more. Caffeine should be consumed in moderation. Too much caffeine can cause problems not only of the pancreas, liver and stomach problems.
Treatment Of Bile Duct Cancer
Any cancer treatment depends on several factors, such as the patient's condition and stage of cancer the same way, if a cancer of the bile duct. Depending on the location and size of bile duct tumors, and, of course, keep in mind that how far the cancer has spread to neighboring regions bile duct treatment procedures vary.
Surgery
If the biliary tract cancer having spread beyond the bile duct, and the method of treatment is biliary surgery. The type of surgery depends entirely on the size of the cancer and whether it is possible to remove the cancer surgically.
Taking into account all factors of bile duct cancer doctor will suggest the best treatment possible. The operations involved in the treatment of cancer of the bile ducts are the removal of bile duct, a partial resection and Whipple surgery.
The first method is used when the cancer is found in the ducts, without diffusion, the second procedure is used when the cancer is detected that has been distributed in the liver and the subsequent procedure is used when the cancer is widespread in many areas.
Radiotherapy
This process involves using high energy x-rays to kill or control the growth of cancer cells. This occurs either internally or externally. The external form of giving radiation therapy is the use of a machine and the internal method involves placing radioactive material inside the body near the cancer.
Chemotherapy
Drugs or medicines to treat cancer of the bile duct is called chemotherapy. This can be done either orally or by injection. This procedure involves the use of high doses of drugs on a regular basis and cycles.
This is usually implemented as a combination with radiation therapy to ensure a better recovery. It sometimes works as an alternative to surgery, surgery, in some complicated cases may not be possible.
Surgery
If the biliary tract cancer having spread beyond the bile duct, and the method of treatment is biliary surgery. The type of surgery depends entirely on the size of the cancer and whether it is possible to remove the cancer surgically.
Taking into account all factors of bile duct cancer doctor will suggest the best treatment possible. The operations involved in the treatment of cancer of the bile ducts are the removal of bile duct, a partial resection and Whipple surgery.
The first method is used when the cancer is found in the ducts, without diffusion, the second procedure is used when the cancer is detected that has been distributed in the liver and the subsequent procedure is used when the cancer is widespread in many areas.
Radiotherapy
This process involves using high energy x-rays to kill or control the growth of cancer cells. This occurs either internally or externally. The external form of giving radiation therapy is the use of a machine and the internal method involves placing radioactive material inside the body near the cancer.
Chemotherapy
Drugs or medicines to treat cancer of the bile duct is called chemotherapy. This can be done either orally or by injection. This procedure involves the use of high doses of drugs on a regular basis and cycles.
This is usually implemented as a combination with radiation therapy to ensure a better recovery. It sometimes works as an alternative to surgery, surgery, in some complicated cases may not be possible.
Symptoms Of Bile Duct Cancer
The bile ducts are channels for the flow of bile from the liver to the intestine, so when the bile ducts, cancer is influenced they fail to perform their duties and bile flows back into the future of bloody tissue and blood.
This condition leads to side effects such as yellowing of the whites around the eyes and urine, pale stools, etc. Later, the skin starts to become itchy followed by fever, increased pain or discomfort in the abdomen, loss of appetite and overall weight loss.
Remember that all the above symptoms of cancer of the bile ducts can also be caused by other diseases or disorders. But it is important to check with a doctor if symptoms persist longer, and the condition worsens
This condition leads to side effects such as yellowing of the whites around the eyes and urine, pale stools, etc. Later, the skin starts to become itchy followed by fever, increased pain or discomfort in the abdomen, loss of appetite and overall weight loss.
Remember that all the above symptoms of cancer of the bile ducts can also be caused by other diseases or disorders. But it is important to check with a doctor if symptoms persist longer, and the condition worsens
Causes Of Bile Duct Cancer
The cause of most cancers of the biliary tract is unknown. There are a number of risk factors that may increase your risk of biliary tract cancer development. These include:
People who have inflammatory bowel disease a chronic inflammatory bowel condition called ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of developing this cancer.
Biliary tract abnormalities who were born with (congenital), abnormalities of the biliary tract, such as choledochal cysts have an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.
Infection in Africa and Asia, infection with a parasite called the liver fluke is believed to cause many types of cancer of the biliary tract.
Although the aging of bile duct tumors can occur in younger people, more than two thirds occur in people older than 65 years.
Bile duct cancer, like other cancers, is not contagious and can not be transmitted to others.
People who have inflammatory bowel disease a chronic inflammatory bowel condition called ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of developing this cancer.
Biliary tract abnormalities who were born with (congenital), abnormalities of the biliary tract, such as choledochal cysts have an increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.
Infection in Africa and Asia, infection with a parasite called the liver fluke is believed to cause many types of cancer of the biliary tract.
Although the aging of bile duct tumors can occur in younger people, more than two thirds occur in people older than 65 years.
Bile duct cancer, like other cancers, is not contagious and can not be transmitted to others.
Bile Duct Cncer Overview
Researchers and scientists have found many reasons and causes, because people are more likely to develop cancer of the bile duct. There is always a strong link between cancer of the bile ducts and other things that irritate and inflame the bile duct if it is an infestation by a parasite or stones in the biliary tract.
Scientists and researchers have come to know that inflammation can lead to some certain changes in the DNA of cells, causing abnormal growth, leading to cancer. DNA is a chemical in each cell of the human body that make up genes, instructions on when the cell fails. Most people look like their parents, it is because of the source of DNA, however, and the DNA affects more than how we look.
Some of the genes or DNA containing these instructions, which regulate the cells, to decide when to share and increase the genes that keep cells alive longer than expected, or promote cell division is known as oncogenes. Those genes that cause cells to die or slow down the process of cell division, known as tumor suppressors. Cancer can be caused due to changes in care in the DNA or genes.
Some people inherit DNA mutations in the genes or their parents that greatly increase their tendency to those cancers, but scientists say the DNA or inherited genes does not cause cancer of the bile ducts.
DNA mutations associated with cancer of the bile ducts are usually acquired during life rather than inherited from their parents. Many anticancer drugs and the latest products developed to target cells with specific genes or DNA modifications. If doctors know what the DNA or the genes are modified or is abnormally in the bile duct cancer may help doctors find effective and essential drugs and medicines to prevent these diseases.
Scientists and researchers have come to know that inflammation can lead to some certain changes in the DNA of cells, causing abnormal growth, leading to cancer. DNA is a chemical in each cell of the human body that make up genes, instructions on when the cell fails. Most people look like their parents, it is because of the source of DNA, however, and the DNA affects more than how we look.
Some of the genes or DNA containing these instructions, which regulate the cells, to decide when to share and increase the genes that keep cells alive longer than expected, or promote cell division is known as oncogenes. Those genes that cause cells to die or slow down the process of cell division, known as tumor suppressors. Cancer can be caused due to changes in care in the DNA or genes.
Some people inherit DNA mutations in the genes or their parents that greatly increase their tendency to those cancers, but scientists say the DNA or inherited genes does not cause cancer of the bile ducts.
DNA mutations associated with cancer of the bile ducts are usually acquired during life rather than inherited from their parents. Many anticancer drugs and the latest products developed to target cells with specific genes or DNA modifications. If doctors know what the DNA or the genes are modified or is abnormally in the bile duct cancer may help doctors find effective and essential drugs and medicines to prevent these diseases.
Prevention Of Eye Cancer
Because we do not yet know what causes most cancers of the eye, we do not know how to prevent them.
We know there is a link between sunlight and melanoma of the skin, and there are things you can do that may reduce the risk of these cancers, such as limiting exposure to intense sunlight, covering up with hats and protective clothing and use protective Sun. The American Cancer Society recommends using UV protection sunglasses out of the sunlight. Sunglasses with 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB absorption to provide the best protection for the eyes and surrounding areas. This could help reduce the risk of developing cancer of the skin around the eyes. The link between sunlight and ocular melanoma is unproven, but some doctors believe that sunglasses can also reduce the risk of ocular melanoma.
Many people have an eye lymphoma, known risk factors for this disease. So far, the only way to limit the risk of ocular lymphoma is trying to avoid infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
We know there is a link between sunlight and melanoma of the skin, and there are things you can do that may reduce the risk of these cancers, such as limiting exposure to intense sunlight, covering up with hats and protective clothing and use protective Sun. The American Cancer Society recommends using UV protection sunglasses out of the sunlight. Sunglasses with 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB absorption to provide the best protection for the eyes and surrounding areas. This could help reduce the risk of developing cancer of the skin around the eyes. The link between sunlight and ocular melanoma is unproven, but some doctors believe that sunglasses can also reduce the risk of ocular melanoma.
Many people have an eye lymphoma, known risk factors for this disease. So far, the only way to limit the risk of ocular lymphoma is trying to avoid infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Treatment Of Eye Cancer
Treatment depends on the form of eye cancer, size and how far it has spread (staging) and your general health. There are three treatments for cancer of the eye.
Surgery
Surgery involves removing only the diseased tissue. Surgery is usually enough to remove tumors in the eyelids. Sometimes combined with radiotherapy for the treatment of tumors in the eye.
Certain types of eye cancer, including melanoma of the eye, can be treated with laser therapy (a high energy beam of light is used to destroy cancer cells).
Sometimes, if the cancer affects a large part of the eye, the eyeball may be necessary to remove the whole (enucleation). You may feel angry or worried about how they can survive. Doctors and nurses are care support and help. Artificial (prosthetic), the eyeball can be created to satisfy the remaining eye.
Nonsurgical treatments
Radiation therapy - Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells. It is often used to treat eye melanoma.
Chemotherapy - anti-cancer drugs used to destroy cancer cells. They are usually administered intravenously but can sometimes be administered in tablet form. Chemotherapy can be effective in the treatment of ocular lymphoma, and retinoblastoma. And 'only used for melanoma of the eye, if other treatments have not worked.
Surgery
Surgery involves removing only the diseased tissue. Surgery is usually enough to remove tumors in the eyelids. Sometimes combined with radiotherapy for the treatment of tumors in the eye.
Certain types of eye cancer, including melanoma of the eye, can be treated with laser therapy (a high energy beam of light is used to destroy cancer cells).
Sometimes, if the cancer affects a large part of the eye, the eyeball may be necessary to remove the whole (enucleation). You may feel angry or worried about how they can survive. Doctors and nurses are care support and help. Artificial (prosthetic), the eyeball can be created to satisfy the remaining eye.
Nonsurgical treatments
Radiation therapy - Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells. It is often used to treat eye melanoma.
Chemotherapy - anti-cancer drugs used to destroy cancer cells. They are usually administered intravenously but can sometimes be administered in tablet form. Chemotherapy can be effective in the treatment of ocular lymphoma, and retinoblastoma. And 'only used for melanoma of the eye, if other treatments have not worked.
Symptoms Of Eye Cancer
The various symptoms of eye cancer are:
Inside the socket of the eye to detect changes in eye position of the ball can be detected.
Sometimes the eye can occur curved
Change in eye movement in the bush
Some symptoms of eye cancer is pain. But this can occur when the spread outside the eye is enormous. In this case the previous two eye cancer symptoms can be observed
Changes in vision, blurred vision or decreased vision may be experienced
Sometimes, even the spots or squiggles drifting meaning in the field of view can be experienced
Flashes in vision
The most curious symptoms cancer of the eye is capable of seeing only part of what is around
A darker place in the iris
Causes Of Eye Cancer
Doctors don't fully understand why eye cancer develops. You may be more likely to develop certain types of eye cancer if you have:
- blue, grey or green eyes
- unusual brown spots on your eye
- lots of unusually shaped or large moles (atypical mole syndrome)
- been out in the sun too much without wearing sun protection such as sunglasses or a wide-brimmed hat
- a weakened immune system - people who have HIV/AIDS, or who are taking medicines that suppress the immune system, are more likely to develop lymphoma of the eye
- inherited genes - four in 10 children with retinoblastoma inherit a faulty gene from their parents
Eye cancer Overview
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| EYE CANCER |
Some of them have retinoblastoma, melanoma and lymphoma intraocular primary.
Primary intraocular cancers are cancer of the eye that starts inside the eyeball. Cancers are secondary intraocular eye cancer that have spread from another part of the body (metastasis).
Prevention Of Lip Cancer
Lip cancer or cancer of the lip or any type of oral cancer can be well prevented. Like many exact causes of the disease can be controlled.
First a dental routine to some extent will help to detect cancerous or noncancerous tumors in the mouth. Secondly prevent the two main risk factors for snuff and alcohol consumption.
Smoothing the edges of broken teeth or fillings are a good measure of prevention of cancer of the lip, or cancer of the lip. Avoid exposure to sunlight, avoiding damage to the lips. Surgical removal of the lip area, which has been damaged will prevent complications, such as the progression of cancer of the lip.
First a dental routine to some extent will help to detect cancerous or noncancerous tumors in the mouth. Secondly prevent the two main risk factors for snuff and alcohol consumption.
Smoothing the edges of broken teeth or fillings are a good measure of prevention of cancer of the lip, or cancer of the lip. Avoid exposure to sunlight, avoiding damage to the lips. Surgical removal of the lip area, which has been damaged will prevent complications, such as the progression of cancer of the lip.
Treatment Of Lip Cancer
Early cancers of the lips can be treated by surgical removal of cancer or radiotherapy. More advanced cancers require more aggressive surgery including removal of lymph nodes and other tissues of the same or both sides of the neck, radiotherapy or a combination of both. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy can be used as a complement to other treatments.
The goal of treatment for cancer of the lips is to cure cancer permanently or to achieve a complete remission of the disease. Remission means there is no sign of disease in the body, although they may reappear later.
Common treatments for cancer of the lip
According to the spread of the disease, one or more of the following treatments may be used:
Chemotherapy, often with cisplatin (Platinol), alone or in combination with other substances to attack cancer cells
Radiation therapy to attack cancer cells
Surgery to remove the cancer and to assess how far it has spread
Targeted therapy to attack cancer cells
Some people with lip cancer participate in clinical trials with promising new treatments are studied.
Other treatments for cancer of the lips
Other treatments can be added to help with your general health and possible side effects of treatment:
Anti-nausea medication if you experience nausea
Growth factors of blood cells to increase the number of white blood cells if they become too low during treatment
Blood transfusions temporarily replace blood components like red blood cells, which have a low level because of the treatment
Diet tips to help maintain the strength and nutritional status
Occupational and physical therapy to help with swallowing
Complementary therapies
Some complementary therapies may help some people cope with lip cancer and its treatments. These treatments are sometimes called alternative therapies used in conjunction with traditional medical treatment. Complementary treatments are not supposed to be a substitute for comprehensive medical care.
Complementary therapies may include:
Acupuncture
Massage Therapy
Yoga
Palliative care
In the case of lip cancer has progressed to an advanced stage and it was responded to treatment, the goal of treatment changes from cure the disease, and focus on measures to keep a person comfortable and to maximize quality of life. Palliative care involves medical control pain and other symptoms while providing emotional support and spiritual services to support the patient's family.
What are the possible complications of lip cancer?
The complications of untreated cancer of the lip can be severe, even fatal in some cases. To minimize the risk of serious complications after the treatment plan for you and your health care plan specifically for you. The complications of cancer of the lip are the following:
Change the physical appearance
Lack of ability to eat, drink, speak or breathe
Extension to surrounding structures, the skin around the lip, mouth, tongue and mandible (lower jaw bone)
Extension to remote areas of the body
Spread to the lymph nodes of the neck
The goal of treatment for cancer of the lips is to cure cancer permanently or to achieve a complete remission of the disease. Remission means there is no sign of disease in the body, although they may reappear later.
Common treatments for cancer of the lip
According to the spread of the disease, one or more of the following treatments may be used:
Chemotherapy, often with cisplatin (Platinol), alone or in combination with other substances to attack cancer cells
Radiation therapy to attack cancer cells
Surgery to remove the cancer and to assess how far it has spread
Targeted therapy to attack cancer cells
Some people with lip cancer participate in clinical trials with promising new treatments are studied.
Other treatments for cancer of the lips
Other treatments can be added to help with your general health and possible side effects of treatment:
Anti-nausea medication if you experience nausea
Growth factors of blood cells to increase the number of white blood cells if they become too low during treatment
Blood transfusions temporarily replace blood components like red blood cells, which have a low level because of the treatment
Diet tips to help maintain the strength and nutritional status
Occupational and physical therapy to help with swallowing
Complementary therapies
Some complementary therapies may help some people cope with lip cancer and its treatments. These treatments are sometimes called alternative therapies used in conjunction with traditional medical treatment. Complementary treatments are not supposed to be a substitute for comprehensive medical care.
Complementary therapies may include:
Acupuncture
Massage Therapy
Yoga
Palliative care
In the case of lip cancer has progressed to an advanced stage and it was responded to treatment, the goal of treatment changes from cure the disease, and focus on measures to keep a person comfortable and to maximize quality of life. Palliative care involves medical control pain and other symptoms while providing emotional support and spiritual services to support the patient's family.
What are the possible complications of lip cancer?
The complications of untreated cancer of the lip can be severe, even fatal in some cases. To minimize the risk of serious complications after the treatment plan for you and your health care plan specifically for you. The complications of cancer of the lip are the following:
Change the physical appearance
Lack of ability to eat, drink, speak or breathe
Extension to surrounding structures, the skin around the lip, mouth, tongue and mandible (lower jaw bone)
Extension to remote areas of the body
Spread to the lymph nodes of the neck
Symptoms Of Lip Cancer
Bleeding from the lip
Discoloration of the lip area
Lymph nodes
Mouth sores that will not heal
Lump in lip
Numbness, tingling or pain in the lip
Swelling of the jaw or mouth
Lip thickened area
Causes Of Lip Cancer
The exact cause of lip cancer is unknown, but several factors such as smoking and alcohol are associated with development.
Squamous cell carcinoma cells covering the upper lip, and the cells are most likely to develop in the lip, although the lip can also be caused by other types of cells present in the region. In rare cases, cells from other parts of the body travel to the lip. While these cancers occur on the lips, they are not considered cancer of the lips, but they are considered the primary cancer metastasis.
Squamous cell carcinoma cells covering the upper lip, and the cells are most likely to develop in the lip, although the lip can also be caused by other types of cells present in the region. In rare cases, cells from other parts of the body travel to the lip. While these cancers occur on the lips, they are not considered cancer of the lips, but they are considered the primary cancer metastasis.
Lip Cancer Overview
Prevention Of Cervical Cancer
You can reduce your risk of cervical cancer if:
Use a condom every time you have sex, reduce the risk of HPV
Delay first intercourse
Having fewer sexual partners
Avoid smoking
Get vaccinated against HPV
Vaccination against HPV
Vaccines can protect against the most dangerous types of HPV - the virus that plays a role in causing most cervical cancers. Vaccination is available for girls aged 9-12, as well as girls and women aged 13-26, if you have not already received the vaccine. The vaccine is most effective if given before girls become sexually active.
Despite hopes that the vaccine prevents cervical cancer more, you can not prevent infection with every virus that causes cervical cancer. Routine Pap tests for cervical cancer remain high.
The routine Pap tests
Routine Pap tests can detect cancer in the conditions of the cervix so that they can follow to prevent or treat cervical cancer. Work with your doctor to better determine the Pap test schedule. Most organizations suggest women start a routine Pap test at age 21 and are tested every 1-3 years.
If you are at high risk of cervical cancer, Pap tests will be needed more often. If you have had a hysterectomy, talk with your doctor whether to continue the Pap test. If the hysterectomy was performed for a noncancerous condition such as fibroids, may be able to end the routine Pap tests, but not to pelvic exams. If the hysterectomy was carried out in a precancerous or cancerous condition, your vaginal canal still needs to be checked for abnormal changes.
Use a condom every time you have sex, reduce the risk of HPV
Delay first intercourse
Having fewer sexual partners
Avoid smoking
Get vaccinated against HPV
Vaccination against HPV
Vaccines can protect against the most dangerous types of HPV - the virus that plays a role in causing most cervical cancers. Vaccination is available for girls aged 9-12, as well as girls and women aged 13-26, if you have not already received the vaccine. The vaccine is most effective if given before girls become sexually active.
Despite hopes that the vaccine prevents cervical cancer more, you can not prevent infection with every virus that causes cervical cancer. Routine Pap tests for cervical cancer remain high.
The routine Pap tests
Routine Pap tests can detect cancer in the conditions of the cervix so that they can follow to prevent or treat cervical cancer. Work with your doctor to better determine the Pap test schedule. Most organizations suggest women start a routine Pap test at age 21 and are tested every 1-3 years.
If you are at high risk of cervical cancer, Pap tests will be needed more often. If you have had a hysterectomy, talk with your doctor whether to continue the Pap test. If the hysterectomy was performed for a noncancerous condition such as fibroids, may be able to end the routine Pap tests, but not to pelvic exams. If the hysterectomy was carried out in a precancerous or cancerous condition, your vaginal canal still needs to be checked for abnormal changes.
Treatment Of Servical Cancer
Cervical cancer treatment depends on several factors such as stage of cancer, the health problems you may have and their preferences regarding treatment. Treatment options may include:
Surgery. Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is usually used to treat early stages of cervical cancer. A simple hysterectomy involves the removal of the cancer, cervix and uterus. A simple hysterectomy is usually an option only when the cancer is very early - the invasion is less than 3 millimeters (mm) in the neck. Radical hysterectomy - removal of the cervix, vagina and lymph nodes in the region - is the standard surgical treatment when there is invasion of more than 3 mm in the neck.
Hysterectomy can cure early stage cervical cancer and prevent cancer from returning, but the removal of the uterus, it is impossible to become pregnant.
Radiation protection. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external or internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) by placing the device filled with radioactive material near your cervix. Radiotherapy is as effective as surgery for cervical cancer at an early stage. For women with more advanced cervical cancer, radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy is considered the most effective treatment.
Both methods can be combined with radiotherapy. Radiation therapy may be used alone, chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Premenopausal women may stop menstruating because of radiotherapy and the onset of menopause.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be used alone or in combination, is usually injected into a vein and travels through your body quickly kill growing cells, including cancer cells. Low doses of chemotherapy are often combined with radiation therapy because chemotherapy can improve the effects of radiation. Higher doses of chemotherapy used for advanced control of cervical cancer that can not be cured. Some chemotherapy drugs can cause infertility and early menopause in premenopausal women.
Surgery. Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is usually used to treat early stages of cervical cancer. A simple hysterectomy involves the removal of the cancer, cervix and uterus. A simple hysterectomy is usually an option only when the cancer is very early - the invasion is less than 3 millimeters (mm) in the neck. Radical hysterectomy - removal of the cervix, vagina and lymph nodes in the region - is the standard surgical treatment when there is invasion of more than 3 mm in the neck.
Hysterectomy can cure early stage cervical cancer and prevent cancer from returning, but the removal of the uterus, it is impossible to become pregnant.
Radiation protection. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via external or internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) by placing the device filled with radioactive material near your cervix. Radiotherapy is as effective as surgery for cervical cancer at an early stage. For women with more advanced cervical cancer, radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy is considered the most effective treatment.
Both methods can be combined with radiotherapy. Radiation therapy may be used alone, chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells. Premenopausal women may stop menstruating because of radiotherapy and the onset of menopause.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs can be used alone or in combination, is usually injected into a vein and travels through your body quickly kill growing cells, including cancer cells. Low doses of chemotherapy are often combined with radiation therapy because chemotherapy can improve the effects of radiation. Higher doses of chemotherapy used for advanced control of cervical cancer that can not be cured. Some chemotherapy drugs can cause infertility and early menopause in premenopausal women.
Symptoms Of Cervical Cancer
You can not experience the symptoms of cervical cancer - early cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms. As cancer progresses, the following signs and symptoms of advanced cancer of the cervix may be displayed:
Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause
Watery, bloody discharge vaginal odor can be heavy and
Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause
Watery, bloody discharge vaginal odor can be heavy and
Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Causes Of Cervical Cancer
In the last ten years, doctors have found that most cases of this cancer are caused by some types of HPV, the human papilloma virus. This virus, or germ, may be passed along during sex. What increases your chances of getting HPV? The following are what health care providers call "risk factors" for cervical cancer:
Having sex (intercourse) as a teenager
Having AIDS or a problem with your immune system
Having many sex partners
Having sex and not using condoms
Smoking cigarettes
Having sex (intercourse) as a teenager
Having AIDS or a problem with your immune system
Having many sex partners
Having sex and not using condoms
Smoking cigarettes
Cervical Cancer Overview
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When exposure to HPV, a woman's immune system usually prevents the virus to cause harm. In a small group of women, however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cells of surfactants
Prevention Of Brain Cancer
In general, there is no known way to prevent brain cancer. However, early diagnosis and treatment of tumors tend to metastasize to the brain can reduce the risk of metastatic brain tumors. Avoid or reduce exposure to radiation (especially the head) and avoid toxic chemicals associated with oil and rubber, chemicals for embalming and other environmental toxins can help prevent brain cancer. Preventing HIV infection is also suggested.
Treatment Of Brain Cancer
Treatment of a brain tumor depends on many factors. These include the location, type and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and general health. Treatment methods and schedules often vary for children and adults. Management plan has been developed to meet the needs of each patient.
The patient's physician may want to discuss this issue with other medical treatment of brain tumors. In addition, patients may want to talk to a doctor involved in the search for new cures. Such studies are called clinical trials.
Many patients want to learn all they can for their disease and treatment options, so that they can actively participate in decision-making for their medical care. A brain tumor a person has a lot of questions, and the doctor is the best person to answer. Most patients want to know what kind of cancer they have, how it can be treated, how effective the treatment is likely to be, and what is likely to cost.
Many people find it useful to list of questions before seeing the doctor. Taking notes can make it easier to remember what the doctor said. Some patients have also found it helps to have a family member or friend when talking to the doctor or taking part in the discussion or just listen.
Patients and their families have much to learn about brain tumors and their treatment. They should not feel they need to understand everything the first time they see fit. They will have other opportunities to ask the doctor to explain things that are not clear.
What test is used to detect and diagnose adult brain tumors?
Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect (find) adult brain tumor. The following tests and procedures may be used:
Computed tomography (CT): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles. The photos are taken by a computer linked to an x-ray machine A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord. A substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein. Gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so that they appear brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Adult brain tumor is diagnosed and removed during surgery. If a brain tumor is suspected, a biopsy is done by removing part of the skull and using a needle to remove a sample of brain tissue. A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope for cancer cells. If cancer cells are detected, the doctor will remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery. An MRI can be performed to determine whether cancer cells remain after surgery. Also perform tests to determine the extent of tumor.
The patient's physician may want to discuss this issue with other medical treatment of brain tumors. In addition, patients may want to talk to a doctor involved in the search for new cures. Such studies are called clinical trials.
Many patients want to learn all they can for their disease and treatment options, so that they can actively participate in decision-making for their medical care. A brain tumor a person has a lot of questions, and the doctor is the best person to answer. Most patients want to know what kind of cancer they have, how it can be treated, how effective the treatment is likely to be, and what is likely to cost.
Many people find it useful to list of questions before seeing the doctor. Taking notes can make it easier to remember what the doctor said. Some patients have also found it helps to have a family member or friend when talking to the doctor or taking part in the discussion or just listen.
Patients and their families have much to learn about brain tumors and their treatment. They should not feel they need to understand everything the first time they see fit. They will have other opportunities to ask the doctor to explain things that are not clear.
What test is used to detect and diagnose adult brain tumors?
Tests that examine the brain and spinal cord are used to detect (find) adult brain tumor. The following tests and procedures may be used:
Computed tomography (CT): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles. The photos are taken by a computer linked to an x-ray machine A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of the brain and spinal cord. A substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein. Gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so that they appear brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Adult brain tumor is diagnosed and removed during surgery. If a brain tumor is suspected, a biopsy is done by removing part of the skull and using a needle to remove a sample of brain tissue. A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope for cancer cells. If cancer cells are detected, the doctor will remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery. An MRI can be performed to determine whether cancer cells remain after surgery. Also perform tests to determine the extent of tumor.
Symptoms Of Brain Cancer
Brain cancer may not cause symptoms in its earliest stages when it is best treated. When symptoms occur, they can vary among individuals and vary depending on the stage of advancement, and where the cancer is localized in the brain.
Many symptoms of brain cancer is caused by the impact of the growing tumor on the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms are usually neurological in nature and include:
Balance problems, difficulty walking, and falls
Blurred or double vision
Changes in hearing, taste or smell
Mood, personality or behavior
Difficulties with memory, thinking, speaking, understanding, writing or reading
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Headache, which may be worse in the morning, or lying
Incoordination
Muscle twitching, convulsions or seizures;
Muscle weakness
Nausea and vomiting
Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Many symptoms of brain cancer is caused by the impact of the growing tumor on the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms are usually neurological in nature and include:
Balance problems, difficulty walking, and falls
Blurred or double vision
Changes in hearing, taste or smell
Mood, personality or behavior
Difficulties with memory, thinking, speaking, understanding, writing or reading
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Headache, which may be worse in the morning, or lying
Incoordination
Muscle twitching, convulsions or seizures;
Muscle weakness
Nausea and vomiting
Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Causes Of Brain Cancer
As with tumors in other parts of the body, the exact cause of most brain tumors is unknown.
The following factors have been proposed as possible risk factors for primary brain tumors, but whether these factors actually increases the risk of a person with a brain tumor is not known with certainty.
Radiation to the head
An inherited (genetic) risk
HIV infection
Smoking
Environmental toxins (eg, chemicals used in oil refineries, embalming chemicals, chemicals in the rubber industry)
The following factors have been proposed as possible risk factors for primary brain tumors, but whether these factors actually increases the risk of a person with a brain tumor is not known with certainty.
Radiation to the head
An inherited (genetic) risk
HIV infection
Smoking
Environmental toxins (eg, chemicals used in oil refineries, embalming chemicals, chemicals in the rubber industry)
Brain Cancer Overview
Although many brain tumors are popularly known as brain tumors, brain tumors are not all are cancerous. Cancer is a term reserved for malignant tumors.
Malignant tumors grow and spread aggressively, overpowering healthy cells by taking their space, blood and nutrients. Like all body cells, cancer cells need blood and nutrients to survive. This is particularly a problem in the brain due to increased growth to the limits of the skull can lead to increased intracranial pressure or distortion of vital surrounding structures, causing them to malfunction.
The tumors that grow aggressively are called benign. Almost all cancers that start with the brain do not spread to other parts of the body. The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is that malignant tumors can invade the brain tissue and grow rapidly. This rapid growth of the borders of the skull can rapidly cause damage to surrounding brain tissue.
In general, benign tumors is less serious than a malignant tumor. However, even benign tumors can cause many problems in the brain, but usually the problems progressed more slowly than malignant tumors.
Sometimes people confuse cerebral aneurysms with brain tumors. Cerebral aneurysms are tumors are the areas of arteries or veins of the brain are abnormally low and extend to form a ball or the expansion of the vessel wall. Rarely causes symptoms unless they begin to leak blood into the surrounding brain tissue. Aneurysms can be congenital (from birth) or extended or formed in the vessels of the brain after an injury to the vessel (eg, trauma, atherosclerosis, hypertension), but are not formed from cancer cells. Unfortunately, when the aneurysm produces symptoms that may resemble those produced by brain tumors.
Primary brain tumors
The brain consists of different types of cells and tumors that arise from cells of the brain of a type known as primary brain tumors.
Cancers occur when one type of cell changes and loses its normal characteristics. Once transformed, the cells grow and multiply abnormally.
As these abnormal cells grow, they become a mass of cells or a tumor.
Brain tumors caused by this transformation and abnormal growth of brain cells called primary brain tumors because they originate in the brain.
The tumors are the most common primary brain gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, vestibular schwannomas, CNS lymphomas and primitive neuroendocrine tumors (medulloblastoma). Glioma is a broad term that includes many subtypes, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, choroid plexus papillomas and.
These primary tumors are named for the type of brain cells or brain from which they arise.
The brain tumors vary in their growth and ability to cause symptoms. The cells are rapidly growing, aggressive tumors usually show an abnormal microscopic. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) uses the classification system for classifying tumors. NCI lists the following degrees:
Grade I: The tissue is benign. The cells seem almost like normal brain cells, and cell growth is slow.
Grade II: The tissue is malignant. The cells look less like normal cells with cells from a tumor grade I.
Grade III: The malignant tissue has cells that look very different from normal cells. The abnormal cells are growing. These anomalies occur in cells called anaplastic.
Grade IV malignant tissue has cells that resemble the most unusual and tend to grow very quickly.
United States, are primary brain tumors and other cancers of the nervous system are estimated to develop in about 22,000 people in 2010, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Metastatic brain tumors
Metastatic brain tumors are made of cancer cells that spread through blood from a tumor located elsewhere in the body. The most common cancers that spread in the brain are those caused by cancer that starts in the lung, breast and kidney cancer and malignant melanoma, a skin cancer. The cells spread to the brain from another tumor in a process called metastasis. The process of metastasis occurs when cancer cells leave the primary cancer tissue and enter the lymphatic system is to reach the blood or the blood directly. These cancer cells eventually reach the brain tissue through the bloodstream, where they develop into tumors.
Metastatic brain tumors are the most common type of tumor in the brain and are much more common than primary brain tumors. Metastatic tumors are usually named after the type of tissue from which cancer cells home took place (for example, lung metastases or metastatic breast cancer). Brain blood flow usually determines how metastatic cancer cells will lodge in the brain, approximately 85% located in the brain (the largest part of the brain, located at the top of the cavity of the skull.) Unfortunately, most Metastatic brain tumors occur in more than one place in the brain tissue.
Prevention Of Mouth/Oral Cancer
Do not smoke or use other snuff products
Have dental problems corrected
Limit or avoid alcohol consumption
Good oral hygiene
Have dental problems corrected
Limit or avoid alcohol consumption
Good oral hygiene
Treatment Of Mouth/Oral Cancer
Surgery to remove the tumor is usually recommended if the tumor is small enough. Surgery may be used in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy for larger tumors. Surgery is usually done if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the neck.
Other treatment may include speech therapy or other treatments to improve movement, chewing, swallowing and speech.
Other treatment may include speech therapy or other treatments to improve movement, chewing, swallowing and speech.
Symptoms Of Mouth/Oral Cancer
A patch of throat irritation, lump or thickness in the mouth, lips, or throat
Red or white patch in the mouth
Feeling that something is stuck in the throat
Difficulty chewing or swallowing
Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue
Numbness of the tongue or other oral
Swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable
Pain in one ear without hearing loss
A person who has these symptoms for more than two weeks should see a dentist or oral cancer medical examination. In most cases, symptoms such as these do not mean cancer. Infection or another problem can cause similar symptoms. But it is important to get the symptoms checked, because if it is cancerous, it can be better managed if caught early.
Red or white patch in the mouth
Feeling that something is stuck in the throat
Difficulty chewing or swallowing
Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue
Numbness of the tongue or other oral
Swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable
Pain in one ear without hearing loss
A person who has these symptoms for more than two weeks should see a dentist or oral cancer medical examination. In most cases, symptoms such as these do not mean cancer. Infection or another problem can cause similar symptoms. But it is important to get the symptoms checked, because if it is cancerous, it can be better managed if caught early.
Causes Of Mouth/Oral Cancer
Oral cancer most commonly associated with the lips or tongue. You can also check:
Cheek lining
Floor of mouth
Gums (gingiva)
The roof of the mouth (palate)
Most oral cancer is a type called squamous cell carcinoma. These tend to spread quickly.
Smoking and tobacco use are linked to most cases of oral cancer. Excessive use of alcohol also increases the risk of oral cancer.
Other factors that may increase the risk of oral cancer include:
Chronic irritation (such as rough teeth, dentures or fillings)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Taking medications that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants)
Poor dental hygiene and oral
Some oral cancers begin as a white patch (leukoplakia) or an ulcer in the mouth.
Men get cancer oral, twice as often as women do, especially in men over 40
Cheek lining
Floor of mouth
Gums (gingiva)
The roof of the mouth (palate)
Most oral cancer is a type called squamous cell carcinoma. These tend to spread quickly.
Smoking and tobacco use are linked to most cases of oral cancer. Excessive use of alcohol also increases the risk of oral cancer.
Other factors that may increase the risk of oral cancer include:
Chronic irritation (such as rough teeth, dentures or fillings)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Taking medications that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants)
Poor dental hygiene and oral
Some oral cancers begin as a white patch (leukoplakia) or an ulcer in the mouth.
Men get cancer oral, twice as often as women do, especially in men over 40
Mouth/Oral Cancer Overview
Most oral cancers are very similar under the microscope and are called squamous cell carcinoma. These are malignant and tend to spread rapidly.
Prevention Of Gallbladder Cancer
Prevention of cancer of the gallbladder are:
If you have gallstones, gallbladder were removed.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Stop smoking.
Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables.
If you have gallstones, gallbladder were removed.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Stop smoking.
Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Treatment Of Gallbladder Cancer
What are the treatments of cancer of the gallbladder is available depends on the stage of your cancer, your general health and preferences. The initial goal of treatment is to remove gallbladder cancer, but when it is not possible, other treatments help control the spread of the disease and keep you as comfortable as possible.
Surgery in the early stages of cancer of the gallbladder
Surgery may be an option if you have cancer of early stage gallbladder. Possibilities include:
Surgery to remove the gallbladder. Early gall bladder cancer, which deals with activities limited to the gall bladder to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
Surgery to remove the gallbladder and the liver. Cancer of the gallbladder, which extends from the gallbladder and the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder and the liver and bile ducts that surround the gallbladder.
It is unclear whether the additional treatment after successful surgery can increase the odds of gallbladder cancer will not return. Some studies have shown that this is the case, therefore, in some cases, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of both, after surgery. Discuss the benefits and risks of subsequent treatments to decide what is good for you.
Treatments for cancer of the gallbladder with advanced
Surgery can cure cancer of the gallbladder that has spread to other body areas. Instead, doctors use treatments that can alleviate the signs and symptoms of cancer and make it as comfortable as possible. Options may include:
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is drug treatment, which uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Radiotherapy. Radiation therapy uses beams of high energy consumption, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells.
Procedures to relieve biliary obstruction
Advanced gallbladder cancer can cause obstruction of the bile ducts, causing further complications. Procedures to relieve the obstruction can help. For example, surgeons place a hollow metal tube (stent) in a conduit to keep it open or bypass surgery of the obstruction in the bile ducts (biliary bypass).
Surgery in the early stages of cancer of the gallbladder
Surgery may be an option if you have cancer of early stage gallbladder. Possibilities include:
Surgery to remove the gallbladder. Early gall bladder cancer, which deals with activities limited to the gall bladder to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
Surgery to remove the gallbladder and the liver. Cancer of the gallbladder, which extends from the gallbladder and the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder and the liver and bile ducts that surround the gallbladder.
It is unclear whether the additional treatment after successful surgery can increase the odds of gallbladder cancer will not return. Some studies have shown that this is the case, therefore, in some cases, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of both, after surgery. Discuss the benefits and risks of subsequent treatments to decide what is good for you.
Treatments for cancer of the gallbladder with advanced
Surgery can cure cancer of the gallbladder that has spread to other body areas. Instead, doctors use treatments that can alleviate the signs and symptoms of cancer and make it as comfortable as possible. Options may include:
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is drug treatment, which uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Radiotherapy. Radiation therapy uses beams of high energy consumption, such as X-rays to kill cancer cells.
Procedures to relieve biliary obstruction
Advanced gallbladder cancer can cause obstruction of the bile ducts, causing further complications. Procedures to relieve the obstruction can help. For example, surgeons place a hollow metal tube (stent) in a conduit to keep it open or bypass surgery of the obstruction in the bile ducts (biliary bypass).
Symptoms Of Gallbladder Cancer
These and other symptoms may be caused by gallbladder cancer. Other conditions can cause the same symptoms. A physician should be consulted if any of the following problems:
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes).
Pain above the stomach.
Fever.
Nausea and vomiting.
Swelling.
Lumps in the abdomen.
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of eyes).
Pain above the stomach.
Fever.
Nausea and vomiting.
Swelling.
Lumps in the abdomen.
Causes Of Gallbladder Cancer
It is not clear what causes cancer of the gall bladder. Doctors know that the forms of gallbladder cancer, gall bladder and healthy cells to develop variations (mutations) in their DNA. These mutations cause cells to grow out of control, and to continue to live in other cells die normally. Accumulate in cells to form tumors that can grow on the gall bladder and spread to other areas of the body.
Most tumors of the gallbladder begins to glandular cells lining the inner surface of the gall bladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this cell type, called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way in which cancer cells appear when examined under a microscope.
Most tumors of the gallbladder begins to glandular cells lining the inner surface of the gall bladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this cell type, called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way in which cancer cells appear when examined under a microscope.
Thursday 28 July 2011
Gallbladder Cancer Overview
Wall of the gallbladder has 3 main layers of tissue.
Mucosa (inner) layer.
Muscle (middle, muscle) layer.
Serosal (outermost) layer.
Among these layers supports connective tissue. Primary gallbladder cancer starts and spreads to the innermost layer of the outer layers as it grows.
Prevention Of Anal Cancer
Detection Appropriatecolorectal leading to the detection and removal of precancerousgrowths is the only way to stop these tests for rectal cancer include disease.Screening fecal occult blood and endoscopy.
If a family history of colorectal cancer is present in a first-degree relative (parent, brother or sister) to endoscopy of the colon and rectum should begin 10 years before the age of diagnosis relative or at age 50 years, whichever comes first.
If a family history of colorectal cancer is present in a first-degree relative (parent, brother or sister) to endoscopy of the colon and rectum should begin 10 years before the age of diagnosis relative or at age 50 years, whichever comes first.
Medical Treatment Of Anal Cancer
Treatment and prognosis of rectal cancer depends on the stage of cancer, which is determined by three factors:
How deep the cancer has spread to the wall of the rectum
It is cancer in the lymph nodes appear to be
Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (cancer of the body often spreads to include the liver and lungs.)
The stages of colorectal cancer are as follows:
Phase I: Cancer is only the first or the second layer of the rectal wall and lymph nodes are involved.
Stage II: Tumor penetrates the mesorectum, but not the lymph nodes are involved.
Phase III: Regardless of how deeply the cancer penetrates the lymph nodes are involved in cancer.
Phase IV: persuasive evidence of cancer in other parts of the body outside the rectal area.
Localized rectal cancer includes stagesI-III. Metastatic stage IV rectal cancer.
The goals of treatment of rectal cancer are located to ensure removal of all cancers and to prevent a recurrence of cancer or near the rectum or around the body.
If Stage I rectal cancer is diagnosed, then surgery is probably the only necessary step in the risk of cancer returning after surgery treatment.The is low, and therefore chemotherapy is generally not available.
Sometimes, after removal of the tumor, the doctor discovered that the cancer has spread to the mesorectum (phase II) or to lymph nodes contained cancer cells (StageIII). In these cases, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are offered, after recovering from surgery to reduce the chances of cancer returning.Chemotherapy and radiotherapy is given after surgery is called adjuvant therapy.
If the initial reviews and tests show a person to have stage II or III colorectal cancer, then chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be considered before surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation given before surgery is called neoadjuvant therapy. This treatment lasts about six weeks.Neoadjuvant therapy is performed to shrink the tumor and can be completely eliminated by the addition surgery.In, a person will be able to tolerate the side effects of chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and better if this treatment given before surgery rather than afterward.Afterrecovery operation must be a person who has suffered a neoadjuvant treatment withtheoncologist meeting to discuss the need for more chemotherapy.
If the cancer is metastatic, then surgery and radiation therapy will only be made if the persistent bleeding or intestinal obstruction are rectal mass. Otherwise, chemotherapy is the standard treatment of metastatic cancer of the rectum cancer.At this time, metastatic colorectal cancer is not curable.However, the median survival time of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, extended over a few recent years due to the introduction of new drugs.
How deep the cancer has spread to the wall of the rectum
It is cancer in the lymph nodes appear to be
Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (cancer of the body often spreads to include the liver and lungs.)
The stages of colorectal cancer are as follows:
Phase I: Cancer is only the first or the second layer of the rectal wall and lymph nodes are involved.
Stage II: Tumor penetrates the mesorectum, but not the lymph nodes are involved.
Phase III: Regardless of how deeply the cancer penetrates the lymph nodes are involved in cancer.
Phase IV: persuasive evidence of cancer in other parts of the body outside the rectal area.
Localized rectal cancer includes stagesI-III. Metastatic stage IV rectal cancer.
The goals of treatment of rectal cancer are located to ensure removal of all cancers and to prevent a recurrence of cancer or near the rectum or around the body.
If Stage I rectal cancer is diagnosed, then surgery is probably the only necessary step in the risk of cancer returning after surgery treatment.The is low, and therefore chemotherapy is generally not available.
Sometimes, after removal of the tumor, the doctor discovered that the cancer has spread to the mesorectum (phase II) or to lymph nodes contained cancer cells (StageIII). In these cases, chemotherapy and radiation therapy are offered, after recovering from surgery to reduce the chances of cancer returning.Chemotherapy and radiotherapy is given after surgery is called adjuvant therapy.
If the initial reviews and tests show a person to have stage II or III colorectal cancer, then chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be considered before surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation given before surgery is called neoadjuvant therapy. This treatment lasts about six weeks.Neoadjuvant therapy is performed to shrink the tumor and can be completely eliminated by the addition surgery.In, a person will be able to tolerate the side effects of chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and better if this treatment given before surgery rather than afterward.Afterrecovery operation must be a person who has suffered a neoadjuvant treatment withtheoncologist meeting to discuss the need for more chemotherapy.
If the cancer is metastatic, then surgery and radiation therapy will only be made if the persistent bleeding or intestinal obstruction are rectal mass. Otherwise, chemotherapy is the standard treatment of metastatic cancer of the rectum cancer.At this time, metastatic colorectal cancer is not curable.However, the median survival time of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, extended over a few recent years due to the introduction of new drugs.
Symptoms Of Anal Cancer
Symptoms of anal cancer include swelling and changes in bowel habits, a lump near the anus, rectal bleeding, itching or discharge.
Women may experience back pain due to pressure from the tumor of the vagina, and vaginal dryness
Women may experience back pain due to pressure from the tumor of the vagina, and vaginal dryness
Causes Of Anal Cancer
In general, el cáncer cuando comienza una genética mutación (cambio en los genes) is normal vuelve de las celula celula abnormal in sanatoria. Las celula sanatoria crecen there is a una tasa fija multiplican y, eventualmente, in Algún momento morir juntos. Las celula crecen there is abnormal multiplican sin control y no mueren. Las celula abnormal juntos para crear be agrupan una masa (tumor). Las celula cancerosas cercanos pueden invader tejidos y puede separarse of a tumor is Primario otras partes del propague a cuerpo (metastasis). Los médicos no Saben caused by the driver that mutación genética al desarrollo anal cancer.
Begynder Generelt kræft, NAR genetisk mutation in (i screwed ændring Gener) normal Blivi i Raske unormale winery Celler. Celler og i Raske VOKS GIS and arrow makers hastighed og i isdst FastSat and thus tidspunkt PA. Unormale celler og ud af VOKS trainers GIS kontrol, og ikke Dor. Celler de unormale sig om in Klumper Skabe SAMMEN mass (tumor). Kræftceller Invaders fra og kan nærliggende væv oprindelig adskille in GIS Spred svulst until give af andre Kropp (metastaserer). See Lægerne ikke, hvad der den mutation forårsager genetiske, der af udviklingen udløser anal cancer.
The cause exacta de la mayor de los de cáncer anal EVENT SHALL es Desconocido, but muchos creen que Médicos the infección con el virus papiloma humano (HPV) causan EVENT SHALL muchos de cáncer anal. Evidencia que buena Muestra el cáncer de células VPH because escamosas de muchos y el ano cloacogenic anal cancer. Pero los investigadores estan seguros de menos que este virus causes anal adenocarcinoma.
I ricercatori hanno scoperto più di 100 tipi di HPV. Tipo A, HPV-16, if trova spesso in a cell anal carcinoma squamosa e alcune verruche anal.
Some researchers also believe that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, has a role in anal cancer. This virus weakens the immune system of the body that normally helps fight infections. In people with HIV, the virus such as HPV become more active and trigger the development of anal cancer.
Spille Rygning Rolle SYNES in f i udviklingen anal cancer. Kræftfremkaldende shock kemikalier Lungern tobaksrøg i, og disse kan SPRED gennem kemikalier Restena blodbanen until Kropp af. Merge har mange in Oget undersøgelser hyppighed Ryger af hos anal cancer.
Risk factors for anal cancer
Doctors and researchers believe that certain factors known as risk factors increase the likelihood of a person to develop anal cancer. However, not everyone with a risk factor for developing anal cancer and those without risk factors may develop the disease.
Risk factors for anal cancer are:
Age - most cases of anal cancer are diagnosed in people between 50 and 80
Anal fistula - An anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel between the rectum and the outer skin of the anus. This tunnel is often drains pus or liquid that can soil or stain your clothes. An anal fistula may irritate the outer tissues of the anus or make you uncomfortable. It can increase the risk of developing anal cancer.
Anal irritation - Hyppige RODM, hævelse og omkring ømhed National Oge risikoen to udvikle anus for anal cancer.
Gender - Women have a higher risk of anal cancer than men.
Immunosuppression - lower immunity, such as HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) and those who use drugs to suppress their immune system (such as people who have undergone organ transplants) are at increased risk of anal cancer. HIV does not seem to reduce anal cancer in people living with HIV.
Virus papiloma humano (VPH) - The mayor de los Médicos creen que el VPH because cáncer de células escamosas anal y el cáncer cervical. Hay varios Tipos de VPH, and type más probabilidades de que causar cáncer holds if llama anal HPV-16. Este virus if transmito de por contacto sexual person to person. Es más común en muchas personas que han Tenida parejas sexuales que han or Tenida sexo anal. Tipos de algunos de los muchos VPH estan asociados con el cáncer anal fuertemente que los Demas. A signo de infección por VPH son las verrugas genitales or venéreas (verrugas genitales), que son causadas por el VPH. El puede hacer que las células VPH anormales aparecen en el ano (anal or lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales ASIL). Las células anormales asociados with ASIL cancerosos are not, however pueden convertirse en cáncer the anus. Sin embargo, algunas personas no ASIL anal with Cancer.
Corsa - Bianchi negli Stati Uniti è molto più che gli probability Afro-American diagnosticati sono con cancro anal.
Seksuel Aktiviteter - Folk, der har handle eating har seksuelle Levet LEADERS partners in Højer Risiko for anal cancer. Hertil kommer, og at Mænd kvinder, der har samleje analta handle, hvis især yngre var end of 30, er until the cancer of the anal tilbøjelige fa mother.
Smoking - People who smoke are four times more likely to develop anal cancer than nonsmokers. The risk of anal cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years a person has been smoking. Quitting smoking can reduce risk, people who smoked, but left only slightly more likely to develop anal cancer than people who never smoked.
Begynder Generelt kræft, NAR genetisk mutation in (i screwed ændring Gener) normal Blivi i Raske unormale winery Celler. Celler og i Raske VOKS GIS and arrow makers hastighed og i isdst FastSat and thus tidspunkt PA. Unormale celler og ud af VOKS trainers GIS kontrol, og ikke Dor. Celler de unormale sig om in Klumper Skabe SAMMEN mass (tumor). Kræftceller Invaders fra og kan nærliggende væv oprindelig adskille in GIS Spred svulst until give af andre Kropp (metastaserer). See Lægerne ikke, hvad der den mutation forårsager genetiske, der af udviklingen udløser anal cancer.
The cause exacta de la mayor de los de cáncer anal EVENT SHALL es Desconocido, but muchos creen que Médicos the infección con el virus papiloma humano (HPV) causan EVENT SHALL muchos de cáncer anal. Evidencia que buena Muestra el cáncer de células VPH because escamosas de muchos y el ano cloacogenic anal cancer. Pero los investigadores estan seguros de menos que este virus causes anal adenocarcinoma.
I ricercatori hanno scoperto più di 100 tipi di HPV. Tipo A, HPV-16, if trova spesso in a cell anal carcinoma squamosa e alcune verruche anal.
Some researchers also believe that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, has a role in anal cancer. This virus weakens the immune system of the body that normally helps fight infections. In people with HIV, the virus such as HPV become more active and trigger the development of anal cancer.
Spille Rygning Rolle SYNES in f i udviklingen anal cancer. Kræftfremkaldende shock kemikalier Lungern tobaksrøg i, og disse kan SPRED gennem kemikalier Restena blodbanen until Kropp af. Merge har mange in Oget undersøgelser hyppighed Ryger af hos anal cancer.
Risk factors for anal cancer
Doctors and researchers believe that certain factors known as risk factors increase the likelihood of a person to develop anal cancer. However, not everyone with a risk factor for developing anal cancer and those without risk factors may develop the disease.
Risk factors for anal cancer are:
Age - most cases of anal cancer are diagnosed in people between 50 and 80
Anal fistula - An anal fistula is an abnormal tunnel between the rectum and the outer skin of the anus. This tunnel is often drains pus or liquid that can soil or stain your clothes. An anal fistula may irritate the outer tissues of the anus or make you uncomfortable. It can increase the risk of developing anal cancer.
Anal irritation - Hyppige RODM, hævelse og omkring ømhed National Oge risikoen to udvikle anus for anal cancer.
Gender - Women have a higher risk of anal cancer than men.
Immunosuppression - lower immunity, such as HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) and those who use drugs to suppress their immune system (such as people who have undergone organ transplants) are at increased risk of anal cancer. HIV does not seem to reduce anal cancer in people living with HIV.
Virus papiloma humano (VPH) - The mayor de los Médicos creen que el VPH because cáncer de células escamosas anal y el cáncer cervical. Hay varios Tipos de VPH, and type más probabilidades de que causar cáncer holds if llama anal HPV-16. Este virus if transmito de por contacto sexual person to person. Es más común en muchas personas que han Tenida parejas sexuales que han or Tenida sexo anal. Tipos de algunos de los muchos VPH estan asociados con el cáncer anal fuertemente que los Demas. A signo de infección por VPH son las verrugas genitales or venéreas (verrugas genitales), que son causadas por el VPH. El puede hacer que las células VPH anormales aparecen en el ano (anal or lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales ASIL). Las células anormales asociados with ASIL cancerosos are not, however pueden convertirse en cáncer the anus. Sin embargo, algunas personas no ASIL anal with Cancer.
Corsa - Bianchi negli Stati Uniti è molto più che gli probability Afro-American diagnosticati sono con cancro anal.
Seksuel Aktiviteter - Folk, der har handle eating har seksuelle Levet LEADERS partners in Højer Risiko for anal cancer. Hertil kommer, og at Mænd kvinder, der har samleje analta handle, hvis især yngre var end of 30, er until the cancer of the anal tilbøjelige fa mother.
Smoking - People who smoke are four times more likely to develop anal cancer than nonsmokers. The risk of anal cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years a person has been smoking. Quitting smoking can reduce risk, people who smoked, but left only slightly more likely to develop anal cancer than people who never smoked.
Anal Cancer Overview
Prevention Of Breast Cancer
The main risk factors for developing breast cancer are sex, age and genetics. Because women can do something about these risks, regular screening is recommended to allow early detection and to avoid the death of breast cancer.
Regular screening includes breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammography.
Self-examination (BSE) is cheap and easy. Monthly review of routine can be useful. Previously thought to be critical, more recent studies suggest that breast self-examination may be less valuable than previously thought, especially for women with a routine clinical breast and / or mammography.
Women who are menstruating, the best time to study just menstruation.
For women who do not menstruate, or whose periods are very irregular, choose a certain date each month seems to work best.
Breast self-exam teaching technique can be your health care provider or one of several organizations interested in breast cancer.
Clinical Research: The American Cancer Society recommends breast examination, trained health care provider every three years from the age of 20 years and then annually after the age of 40 years.
Mammograms are recommended every one or two years from the age of 40 years. Women have a high risk of developing breast cancer, mammography screening may start earlier, usually before 10 years of age younger than a close relative developed breast cancer.
Obesity after menopause and excessive alcohol consumption may increase breast cancer risk slightly. Physically active women may have a lower risk. All women are encouraged to maintain a normal body weight, especially after menopause and reduce the excessive consumption of alcohol. HRT should be limited in time, if medically necessary.
In women who are genetically at high risk of developing breast cancer, tamoxifen has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of the disease. Side effects should be carefully discussed with your health care provider before starting therapy. Another drug, raloxifene (Evista) is now used to treat osteoporosis, also blocks the effects of estrogen and appear to prevent breast cancer. Preliminary studies have shown that both tamoxifen and raloxifene were able to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer, but raloxifene does not have this protective effect against invasive cancer. Studies are underway to better characterize the efficacy and indications for the use of raloxifene as a preventive medication for breast cancer.
Sometimes, a woman of very high risk of developing breast cancer choose to undergo preventive or prophylactic mastectomy to avoid developing breast cancer. Moreover, removal of the ovaries reduces the risk of developing breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 mutation and who have their ovaries surgically removed before reaching the age of 40 years.
Regular screening includes breast self-examination, clinical breast examination and mammography.
Self-examination (BSE) is cheap and easy. Monthly review of routine can be useful. Previously thought to be critical, more recent studies suggest that breast self-examination may be less valuable than previously thought, especially for women with a routine clinical breast and / or mammography.
Women who are menstruating, the best time to study just menstruation.
For women who do not menstruate, or whose periods are very irregular, choose a certain date each month seems to work best.
Breast self-exam teaching technique can be your health care provider or one of several organizations interested in breast cancer.
Clinical Research: The American Cancer Society recommends breast examination, trained health care provider every three years from the age of 20 years and then annually after the age of 40 years.
Mammograms are recommended every one or two years from the age of 40 years. Women have a high risk of developing breast cancer, mammography screening may start earlier, usually before 10 years of age younger than a close relative developed breast cancer.
Obesity after menopause and excessive alcohol consumption may increase breast cancer risk slightly. Physically active women may have a lower risk. All women are encouraged to maintain a normal body weight, especially after menopause and reduce the excessive consumption of alcohol. HRT should be limited in time, if medically necessary.
In women who are genetically at high risk of developing breast cancer, tamoxifen has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of the disease. Side effects should be carefully discussed with your health care provider before starting therapy. Another drug, raloxifene (Evista) is now used to treat osteoporosis, also blocks the effects of estrogen and appear to prevent breast cancer. Preliminary studies have shown that both tamoxifen and raloxifene were able to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer, but raloxifene does not have this protective effect against invasive cancer. Studies are underway to better characterize the efficacy and indications for the use of raloxifene as a preventive medication for breast cancer.
Sometimes, a woman of very high risk of developing breast cancer choose to undergo preventive or prophylactic mastectomy to avoid developing breast cancer. Moreover, removal of the ovaries reduces the risk of developing breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 mutation and who have their ovaries surgically removed before reaching the age of 40 years.
Medical Treatment Of Breast Cancer
Many women are in addition to surgery, which may include radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. The decision, which requires further treatment based on stage and cancer, the presence of hormones and / or HER-2/neu receptor, and the health of patients and preferences.
Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells if left after surgery.
Radiation is a local treatment and, therefore, works only in tumor cells, which are directly within its range.
Radiation is used more often by people who have undergone conservative surgery such as lumpectomy. Conservative surgery is designed to leave the place as the breast tissue as possible.
Radiation therapy is given five days a week for five to six weeks. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes.
Radiation therapy is painless and has relatively few side effects. However, it can irritate skin or cause a sunburn sunburn in the region.
Chemotherapy involves the administration of drugs that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. In breast cancer, three different chemotherapy strategies are used:
First Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to people who have had a cure for breast cancer such as surgery and radiotherapy. It is given to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence.
2. Presurgical chemotherapy is given to shrink a large tumor and / or to kill stray cancer cells. This increases the likelihood that surgery will get rid of cancer altogether.
3. Treatment with chemotherapy is routinely administered to women with breast cancer that has spread beyond the confines of the chest or local.
Most anticancer drugs given through the IV line, but some people are given the pills.
Chemotherapy is usually given in "cycles". Each cycle includes a period of intensive treatment that lasts a few days or weeks followed by a week or two for a refund. Most people with breast cancer have at least two, often four cycles of chemotherapy to begin. The tests are then repeated to see what treatment had an effect on cancer.
Chemotherapy differs from radiation in that it treats the whole body and can focus stray tumor cells that have migrated from the breast area.
Side effects of chemotherapy are well known. Side effects depend on the drugs are used. Many of these drugs have side effects that include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue and low blood cell counts. Low blood counts can cause patients to be more susceptible to infections, feeling sick and tired, or bleed easily than normal. Medications are available to treat or prevent most of these side effects.
Hormone therapy may be because breast cancer (particularly those with a lot of estrogen receptor or progesterone) are often sensitive to hormonal changes. Hormone therapy can be administered to prevent a recurrence of a tumor or treatment of existing diseases.
In some cases, it is beneficial to remove a woman's natural hormones with drugs, is beneficial to add other hormones.
In premenopausal women, ovarian ablation (removal of ovarian hormones) may be useful. This can be done with drugs that inhibit the ability of the ovaries to produce estrogen, or surgically removing the ovaries, radiation therapy, or less frequently.
Until recently, tamoxifen (Nolvadex), an anti-estrogen (a substance that blocks the effects of estrogens), hormone therapy was the most commonly prescribed. It is used both for prevention of breast cancer and treatment.
Fulvestrant (Faslodex) is another agent that acts via the estrogen receptor, but instead of blocking it, this drug eliminates. It can be effective if the breast cancer no longer responds to tamoxifen. Fulvestrant is given only to women already in menopause and is approved for use in women with advanced breast cancer.
Toremifene (Fareston) is another anti-estrogen tamoxifen closely linked.
Aromatase inhibitors, which prevent the effect of the hormone affects the central tumor, may be more effective than tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting. Drug, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin) and letrozole (Femera) have a different set of risks and side effects than tamoxifen.
Aromatase inhibitors are rapidly moving patterns in the first line hormonal treatment. In addition, frequently used after two or more years of tamoxifen therapy.
Megace (megestrol acetate) is a substance similar to progesterone, which can also be used as a hormone therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies against proteins in or around a cancer cell. The antibodies recognize an "invader" - in this case a cancer cell - and attack.
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is an antibody against the HER-2 protein, a protein responsible for the growth of cancer cells in many women with breast cancer (about 15-25% of breast cancers). Addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy given after surgery has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence and mortality in women with early breast cancer HER2/neu-positive. The use of trastuzumab with chemotherapy has become the standard adjuvant treatment for these women.
Lapatinib (Tykerb) is another drug that is directed against HER2/neu protein and can be administered in combination with chemotherapy. It is used in women with HER2-positive are no longer helped by chemotherapy and trastuzumab.
Another monoclonal antibody, Bevacixumab (Avastin) has been shown to have activity in treating breast cancer and is used in combination with chemotherapy. This compound targets the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels.
Surgery
Surgery is usually the first step after diagnosis of breast cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and type of tumor and the patient's health and preferences.
Lumpectomy involves removal of cancerous tissue and a surrounding area of normal tissue. This is not considered curative, and should almost always be done in conjunction with other treatments such as radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy or hormonal therapy.
At that time, lumpectomy, axillary lymph nodes (glands in the armpit) is the estimated spread of cancer. This can be done either by removing the lymph nodes or sentinel node biopsy (biopsy of a lymph node closest to the tumor).
If a sentinel node biopsy is performed at the time of lumpectomy, may allow the surgeon to remove only some of the lymph nodes. In this procedure, a dye is injected into the tumor site. The way the substance is when it moves to the lymph nodes. At the first node is the sentinel node. This node is considered the most important for biopsy in the evaluation of tumor spread.
If the sentinel node biopsy is positive, the surgeon will usually remove all the lymph nodes in the armpit (axilla).
A simple chest to remove the entire breast, but not other structures. If the cancer is invasive, surgery alone will not cure. It 'a common treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ, non-invasive type of breast cancer.
Modified radical to remove the chest (armpit) lymph nodes of breast and axillary, but does not eliminate the underlying muscle in the chest. Although additional chemotherapy or hormonal therapy is almost always available, surgery alone is considered sufficient for the disease if it has metastasized.
Radical mastectomy involves removal of the breast and underlying muscles of the chest wall and content of the armpits. This is no longer done because current treatments are less bulky and has fewer complications.
Radiation therapy is used to kill cancer cells if left after surgery.
Radiation is a local treatment and, therefore, works only in tumor cells, which are directly within its range.
Radiation is used more often by people who have undergone conservative surgery such as lumpectomy. Conservative surgery is designed to leave the place as the breast tissue as possible.
Radiation therapy is given five days a week for five to six weeks. Each treatment lasts only a few minutes.
Radiation therapy is painless and has relatively few side effects. However, it can irritate skin or cause a sunburn sunburn in the region.
Chemotherapy involves the administration of drugs that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. In breast cancer, three different chemotherapy strategies are used:
First Adjuvant chemotherapy is given to people who have had a cure for breast cancer such as surgery and radiotherapy. It is given to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence.
2. Presurgical chemotherapy is given to shrink a large tumor and / or to kill stray cancer cells. This increases the likelihood that surgery will get rid of cancer altogether.
3. Treatment with chemotherapy is routinely administered to women with breast cancer that has spread beyond the confines of the chest or local.
Most anticancer drugs given through the IV line, but some people are given the pills.
Chemotherapy is usually given in "cycles". Each cycle includes a period of intensive treatment that lasts a few days or weeks followed by a week or two for a refund. Most people with breast cancer have at least two, often four cycles of chemotherapy to begin. The tests are then repeated to see what treatment had an effect on cancer.
Chemotherapy differs from radiation in that it treats the whole body and can focus stray tumor cells that have migrated from the breast area.
Side effects of chemotherapy are well known. Side effects depend on the drugs are used. Many of these drugs have side effects that include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue and low blood cell counts. Low blood counts can cause patients to be more susceptible to infections, feeling sick and tired, or bleed easily than normal. Medications are available to treat or prevent most of these side effects.
Hormone therapy may be because breast cancer (particularly those with a lot of estrogen receptor or progesterone) are often sensitive to hormonal changes. Hormone therapy can be administered to prevent a recurrence of a tumor or treatment of existing diseases.
In some cases, it is beneficial to remove a woman's natural hormones with drugs, is beneficial to add other hormones.
In premenopausal women, ovarian ablation (removal of ovarian hormones) may be useful. This can be done with drugs that inhibit the ability of the ovaries to produce estrogen, or surgically removing the ovaries, radiation therapy, or less frequently.
Until recently, tamoxifen (Nolvadex), an anti-estrogen (a substance that blocks the effects of estrogens), hormone therapy was the most commonly prescribed. It is used both for prevention of breast cancer and treatment.
Fulvestrant (Faslodex) is another agent that acts via the estrogen receptor, but instead of blocking it, this drug eliminates. It can be effective if the breast cancer no longer responds to tamoxifen. Fulvestrant is given only to women already in menopause and is approved for use in women with advanced breast cancer.
Toremifene (Fareston) is another anti-estrogen tamoxifen closely linked.
Aromatase inhibitors, which prevent the effect of the hormone affects the central tumor, may be more effective than tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting. Drug, anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin) and letrozole (Femera) have a different set of risks and side effects than tamoxifen.
Aromatase inhibitors are rapidly moving patterns in the first line hormonal treatment. In addition, frequently used after two or more years of tamoxifen therapy.
Megace (megestrol acetate) is a substance similar to progesterone, which can also be used as a hormone therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies against proteins in or around a cancer cell. The antibodies recognize an "invader" - in this case a cancer cell - and attack.
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is an antibody against the HER-2 protein, a protein responsible for the growth of cancer cells in many women with breast cancer (about 15-25% of breast cancers). Addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy given after surgery has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence and mortality in women with early breast cancer HER2/neu-positive. The use of trastuzumab with chemotherapy has become the standard adjuvant treatment for these women.
Lapatinib (Tykerb) is another drug that is directed against HER2/neu protein and can be administered in combination with chemotherapy. It is used in women with HER2-positive are no longer helped by chemotherapy and trastuzumab.
Another monoclonal antibody, Bevacixumab (Avastin) has been shown to have activity in treating breast cancer and is used in combination with chemotherapy. This compound targets the ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels.
Surgery
Surgery is usually the first step after diagnosis of breast cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and type of tumor and the patient's health and preferences.
Lumpectomy involves removal of cancerous tissue and a surrounding area of normal tissue. This is not considered curative, and should almost always be done in conjunction with other treatments such as radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy or hormonal therapy.
At that time, lumpectomy, axillary lymph nodes (glands in the armpit) is the estimated spread of cancer. This can be done either by removing the lymph nodes or sentinel node biopsy (biopsy of a lymph node closest to the tumor).
If a sentinel node biopsy is performed at the time of lumpectomy, may allow the surgeon to remove only some of the lymph nodes. In this procedure, a dye is injected into the tumor site. The way the substance is when it moves to the lymph nodes. At the first node is the sentinel node. This node is considered the most important for biopsy in the evaluation of tumor spread.
If the sentinel node biopsy is positive, the surgeon will usually remove all the lymph nodes in the armpit (axilla).
A simple chest to remove the entire breast, but not other structures. If the cancer is invasive, surgery alone will not cure. It 'a common treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ, non-invasive type of breast cancer.
Modified radical to remove the chest (armpit) lymph nodes of breast and axillary, but does not eliminate the underlying muscle in the chest. Although additional chemotherapy or hormonal therapy is almost always available, surgery alone is considered sufficient for the disease if it has metastasized.
Radical mastectomy involves removal of the breast and underlying muscles of the chest wall and content of the armpits. This is no longer done because current treatments are less bulky and has fewer complications.
Treatment Of Breast Cancer
Surgery is an important part of breast cancer. Choosing which type of surgery is based on several factors, including size and location of the tumor, tumor type, and general health of the person and personal aspirations. Breast-conserving surgery-it is often possible.
Cancer is staged using the information from surgery and other tests. Staging is a classification that reflects the extent and spread of tumor and treatment decisions and influence the prognosis for recovery.
Staging of breast cancer is based on the size of the tumor, which parts of the chest are involved, how many and which nodes are affected and whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body.
Cancer can be characterized as invasive if it has spread to other tissues. Those who do not spread to other tissues are called invasive. Carcinoma in situ is an invasive cancer.
Breast cancer is stage IV 0.
Stage 0 breast cancer is invasive or carcinoma in situ does not affect the lymph nodes or metastases. This is the most advantageous stage breast cancer.
Phase I, breast cancer is less than 2 cm (3 / 4 inches) in diameter and has not spread beyond the breast.
Breast cancer stage II, which is relatively small in size but has spread to lymph nodes in the armpit and the cancer that is slightly larger, but has not spread to lymph nodes.
Stage III breast cancer and a larger, more than 5 cm (2), greater involvement of the lymph nodes or inflammatory.
Stage IV metastatic breast cancer: a tumor of any size or type that has spread to another part of the body. It is currently the least favorable.
Cancer is staged using the information from surgery and other tests. Staging is a classification that reflects the extent and spread of tumor and treatment decisions and influence the prognosis for recovery.
Staging of breast cancer is based on the size of the tumor, which parts of the chest are involved, how many and which nodes are affected and whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body.
Cancer can be characterized as invasive if it has spread to other tissues. Those who do not spread to other tissues are called invasive. Carcinoma in situ is an invasive cancer.
Breast cancer is stage IV 0.
Stage 0 breast cancer is invasive or carcinoma in situ does not affect the lymph nodes or metastases. This is the most advantageous stage breast cancer.
Phase I, breast cancer is less than 2 cm (3 / 4 inches) in diameter and has not spread beyond the breast.
Breast cancer stage II, which is relatively small in size but has spread to lymph nodes in the armpit and the cancer that is slightly larger, but has not spread to lymph nodes.
Stage III breast cancer and a larger, more than 5 cm (2), greater involvement of the lymph nodes or inflammatory.
Stage IV metastatic breast cancer: a tumor of any size or type that has spread to another part of the body. It is currently the least favorable.
Symptoms Of Breast Cancer
Initially, breast cancer does not cause any symptoms. Built-in may be too small to feel or cause unusual changes in self-conscious. Often the area becomes an abnormal screening mammogram (breast x-ray), which leads to additional testing.
In some cases, however, the first sign of breast cancer is a new piece or lump in the breast that you or your doctor can feel. A piece that is not painful, hard and has uneven edges is more likely to be cancerous. But sometimes the cancer can be tender, soft and rounded. It is therefore important to have something unusual checked by your doctor.
According to the American Cancer Society, one of the following unusual changes in your breast may be a symptom of breast cancer:
swelling of all or part of the breast
skin irritation or dimpling
chest pain
nipple pain or the nipple turning inward
redness, peeling or thickening of the skin of the nipple or breast
nipple discharge other than breast milk
a lump in the armpit
These changes can also be signs of less serious conditions that are not cancer, such as infection or a cyst. It 'important to have verified all the changes in the breast your doctor immediately.
In some cases, however, the first sign of breast cancer is a new piece or lump in the breast that you or your doctor can feel. A piece that is not painful, hard and has uneven edges is more likely to be cancerous. But sometimes the cancer can be tender, soft and rounded. It is therefore important to have something unusual checked by your doctor.
According to the American Cancer Society, one of the following unusual changes in your breast may be a symptom of breast cancer:
swelling of all or part of the breast
skin irritation or dimpling
chest pain
nipple pain or the nipple turning inward
redness, peeling or thickening of the skin of the nipple or breast
nipple discharge other than breast milk
a lump in the armpit
These changes can also be signs of less serious conditions that are not cancer, such as infection or a cyst. It 'important to have verified all the changes in the breast your doctor immediately.
Causes Of Breast Cancer
Many women who develop breast cancer have no risk factors other than age and sex.
Gender is the biggest risk because breast cancer occurs mostly in women.
Age is another critical factor. Breast cancer may occur at any age, though the risk of breast cancer increases with age. The average woman at age 30 years has one chance in 280 of developing breast cancer in the next 10 years. This chance increases to one in 70 for a woman aged 40 years, and to one in 40 at age 50 years. A 60-year-old woman has a one in 30 chance of developing breast cancer in the next 10 years.
White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than African American women in the U.S.
A woman with a personal history of cancer in one breast has a three- to fourfold greater risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. This refers to the risk for developing a new tumor and not a recurrence (return) of the first cancer.
Genetic Causes
Family history has long been known to be a risk factor for breast cancer. Both maternal and paternal relatives are important. The risk is highest if the affected relative developed breast cancer at a young age, had cancer in both breasts, or if she is a close relative. First-degree relatives, (mother, sister, daughter) are most important in estimating risk. Several second-degree relatives (grandmother, aunt) with breast cancer may also increase risk. Breast cancer in a male increases the risk for all his close female relatives. Having relatives with both breast and ovarian cancer also increases a woman's risk of developing breast cancer.
There is great interest in genes linked to breast cancer. About 5-10% of breast cancers are believed to be hereditary, as a result of mutations, or changes, in certain genes that are passed along in families.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are abnormal genes that, when inherited, markedly increase the risk of breast cancer to a lifetime risk estimated between 40 and 85%. Women with these abnormal genes also have an increased likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. Women who have the BRCA1 gene tend to develop breast cancer at an early age.
Testing for these genes is expensive and may not be covered by insurance.
The issues around testing are complicated, and women who are interested in testing should discuss this with their health-care providers.
Hormonal Causes
Hormonal influences play a role in the development of breast cancer.
Women who start their periods at an early age (11 or younger) or experience a late menopause (55 or older) have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer. Conversely, being older at the time of the first menstrual period and early menopause tend to protect one from breast cancer.
Having a child before age 30 years may provide some protection, and having no children may increase the risk for developing breast cancer.
Oral contraceptives have not been shown to definitively increase or decrease a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer.
A large study conducted by the Women's Health Initiative showed an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who were on a combination of estrogen and progesterone for several years. Therefore, women who are considering hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms need to discuss the risk versus the benefit with their health-care providers.
Lifestyle and Dietary Causes
Breast cancer seems to occur more frequently in countries with high dietary intake of fat, and being overweight or obese is a known risk factor for breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women.
This link is thought to be an environmental influence rather than genetic. For example, Japanese women, at low risk for breast cancer while in Japan, increase their risk of developing breast cancer after coming to the United States.
Several studies comparing groups of women with high- and low-fat diets, however, have failed to show a difference in breast cancer rates.
The use of alcohol is also an established risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed. Women who consume two to five alcoholic beverages per day have a risk about one and a half times that of nondrinkers for the development of breast cancer. Consumption of one alcoholic drink per day results in a slightly elevated risk.
Studies are also showing that regular exercise may actually reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Studies have not definitively established how much activity is needed for a significant reduction in risk. One study from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) showed that as little as one and a quarter to two and a half hours per week of brisk walking reduced a woman's breast cancer risk by 18%.
Benign Breast Disease
Fibrocystic breast changes are very common. Fibrocystic breasts are lumpy with some thickened tissue and are frequently associated with breast discomfort, especially right before the menstrual period. This condition does not lead to breast cancer.
However, certain other types of benign breast changes, such as those diagnosed on biopsy as proliferative or hyperplastic, do predispose women to the later development of breast cancer.
Environmental Causes
Radiation treatment increases the likelihood of developing breast cancer but only after a long delay. For example, women who received radiation therapy to the upper body for treatment of Hodgkin's disease before 30 years of age have a significantly higher rate of breast cancer than the general population.
Gender is the biggest risk because breast cancer occurs mostly in women.
Age is another critical factor. Breast cancer may occur at any age, though the risk of breast cancer increases with age. The average woman at age 30 years has one chance in 280 of developing breast cancer in the next 10 years. This chance increases to one in 70 for a woman aged 40 years, and to one in 40 at age 50 years. A 60-year-old woman has a one in 30 chance of developing breast cancer in the next 10 years.
White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than African American women in the U.S.
A woman with a personal history of cancer in one breast has a three- to fourfold greater risk of developing a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. This refers to the risk for developing a new tumor and not a recurrence (return) of the first cancer.
Genetic Causes
Family history has long been known to be a risk factor for breast cancer. Both maternal and paternal relatives are important. The risk is highest if the affected relative developed breast cancer at a young age, had cancer in both breasts, or if she is a close relative. First-degree relatives, (mother, sister, daughter) are most important in estimating risk. Several second-degree relatives (grandmother, aunt) with breast cancer may also increase risk. Breast cancer in a male increases the risk for all his close female relatives. Having relatives with both breast and ovarian cancer also increases a woman's risk of developing breast cancer.
There is great interest in genes linked to breast cancer. About 5-10% of breast cancers are believed to be hereditary, as a result of mutations, or changes, in certain genes that are passed along in families.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are abnormal genes that, when inherited, markedly increase the risk of breast cancer to a lifetime risk estimated between 40 and 85%. Women with these abnormal genes also have an increased likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. Women who have the BRCA1 gene tend to develop breast cancer at an early age.
Testing for these genes is expensive and may not be covered by insurance.
The issues around testing are complicated, and women who are interested in testing should discuss this with their health-care providers.
Hormonal Causes
Hormonal influences play a role in the development of breast cancer.
Women who start their periods at an early age (11 or younger) or experience a late menopause (55 or older) have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer. Conversely, being older at the time of the first menstrual period and early menopause tend to protect one from breast cancer.
Having a child before age 30 years may provide some protection, and having no children may increase the risk for developing breast cancer.
Oral contraceptives have not been shown to definitively increase or decrease a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer.
A large study conducted by the Women's Health Initiative showed an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who were on a combination of estrogen and progesterone for several years. Therefore, women who are considering hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms need to discuss the risk versus the benefit with their health-care providers.
Lifestyle and Dietary Causes
Breast cancer seems to occur more frequently in countries with high dietary intake of fat, and being overweight or obese is a known risk factor for breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women.
This link is thought to be an environmental influence rather than genetic. For example, Japanese women, at low risk for breast cancer while in Japan, increase their risk of developing breast cancer after coming to the United States.
Several studies comparing groups of women with high- and low-fat diets, however, have failed to show a difference in breast cancer rates.
The use of alcohol is also an established risk factor for the development of breast cancer. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed. Women who consume two to five alcoholic beverages per day have a risk about one and a half times that of nondrinkers for the development of breast cancer. Consumption of one alcoholic drink per day results in a slightly elevated risk.
Studies are also showing that regular exercise may actually reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. Studies have not definitively established how much activity is needed for a significant reduction in risk. One study from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) showed that as little as one and a quarter to two and a half hours per week of brisk walking reduced a woman's breast cancer risk by 18%.
Benign Breast Disease
Fibrocystic breast changes are very common. Fibrocystic breasts are lumpy with some thickened tissue and are frequently associated with breast discomfort, especially right before the menstrual period. This condition does not lead to breast cancer.
However, certain other types of benign breast changes, such as those diagnosed on biopsy as proliferative or hyperplastic, do predispose women to the later development of breast cancer.
Environmental Causes
Radiation treatment increases the likelihood of developing breast cancer but only after a long delay. For example, women who received radiation therapy to the upper body for treatment of Hodgkin's disease before 30 years of age have a significantly higher rate of breast cancer than the general population.
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